Abstract
No abstract - Extinction is a natural process and every species on this
planet has an expiration date except Homo sapiens because we are
extending our expiry at the cost of other species (Brook and Alroy 2017,
Pimm et al. 2014, Ceballos et al. 2015). In contrast, biodiversity loss
is not natural but a global issue and it is not caused by the
globalization, but as a result of human activities at the global level
(Pimm et al. 2014, Ceballos et al. 2015). Eventually, severe
biodiversity losses lead to anthropogenic die-off and extinction of
naturally occurring species (Pimm et al. 2014, Ceballos et al. 2015,
DeVos et al. 2014). The previous, current and future extinction rates
have been estimated using a variety of measures and their estimation
methodologies vary (to be between 100 to 10,000 times higher than the
natural extinction rate) but they clearly demonstrate that current
extinction rates are far above than the “background” rates (Brook and
Alroy 2017, Pimm et al. 2014, Ceballos et al. 2015, DeVos et al. 2014,
Lamkin and Miller 2016). Aggravatedly, population declines and
extirpations are appearing to be more graving than species extinction
and negative cascading consequences on ecosystem services (Ceballosa et
al. 2020). Substantial information is available on over-exploitation of
natural resources by humans in the globalization perspective (Ceballosa
et al. 2020, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005, Groom et al. 2006,
Ehrnfeld 2003) and we have lost an estimated US$ 4-20 trillion per year
in ecosystem services owing to land-cover change and US$ 6-11 trillion
per year from land degradation during 1997 to 2011 (OECD 2019). Such
loss also leads to an increased disease risk (Gilbert 2010) and recent
coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) might be one of the similar
consequences.