Since a single miRNA may control many target genes across several pathways in a cell, it is clear that miRNAs are very potent genetic regulators. Because of this characteristic, miRNAs are promising therapeutic agents for reversing the altered cellular processes that characterize disease phenotypes. MiRNAs' strength is in their ability to regulate a wide variety of cellular processes, but this also makes them vulnerable to off-target effects. In this review, we highlight the primary obstacles and provide approaches to resolving these issues in order to advance miRNA therapeutics. Methods that have advanced to clinical trials are highlighted in particular. What potential do medicinal uses of miRNA hold? The function of microRNAs (miRNAs; see Glossary) is to regulate the expression of proteins after their transcription. throughout 2300 unique miRNAs have been identified in human cells [1, 2, 3]. Their levels of expression vary throughout time and across various types of tissue. Box 1 provides key information on the biosynthesis and function of miRNAs. The following discussion focuses on miRNA fidelity criteria. MicroRNA biogenesis in cells. Sequences encoding microRNAs may be found in the intronic sections of protein-coding genes, the exonic regions, or the intergenic regions. They might be under the control of their host genes' promoters or have their own [103]. Primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) are transcribed from miRNA encoding sequences by RNA polymerase II or III into mature miRNAs (miRNAs), which may be several thousand nucleotides in length and have a hairpin structure (the biogenesis of miRNAs has been extensively discussed elsewhere; see, for example, [103., 104., 105.]). The Drosha-DGCR8 microprocessor complex in the nucleus further processes pri-miRNAs to produce a miRNA precursor (pre-miRNA) of around 70 nucleotides in length. In a noncanonical biogenesis, intron-encoded pre-miRNAs (mirtrons) may be directly processed together with their coencoded transcripts by spliceosomes. Once in the cytoplasm, RNase Dicer and the double-stranded RNA binding enzyme TRBP break the pre-miRNA hairpin into a miRNA duplex of around 22 nucleotides in length. The RISC is then modified to contain single strands of miRNA, enabling the ribonucleoprotein complex to attach to specific sequences within the 3' untranslated regions of messenger RNAs. The seed region, typically located between nucleotides 2 and 7 at the 5' end of the miRNA, is where reverse complementary binding occurs. This binding prevents or halts the translation process. As miRNAs are thought to regulate as much as 60% of all protein-encoding genes post-transcriptionally [106], they are pivotal in cellular signaling and have far-reaching effects on almost every biological activity [6]. New data suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) may go into the nucleus to affect gene transcription [107], expanding their influence on cellular signaling networks beyond their actions at the post-transcriptional level.

Disease conditions often include dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are short noncoding RNAs with gene regulatory activities. MiRNAs are attractive biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction of cancer and cardiovascular disorders because they are reasonably stable, readily quantified, and accessible from plasma or other bodily fluids. The third most frequent form of cardiovascular illness, venous thromboembolism (VTE) is associated with a high rate of morbidity and death globally. More evidence is emerging to support the concept that microRNAs (miRNAs) have a role in controlling the pathophysiology of VTE and serving as VTE biomarkers. Cancer patients have a higher incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) than the general population. However, existing risk prediction models for cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) perform suboptimally, and innovative biomarkers are thus urgently required to determine which patients may benefit the most from thromboprophylaxis. The pathophysiology of VTE will be reviewed, beginning with the mechanistic role played by miRNAs. Then, miRNAs' potential as prognostic biomarkers for VTE in cancer-free people is discussed, and finally, CAT is the topic of extensive attention. Differential regulation of some of the CAT-associated miRNAs was also seen in VTE, providing more insight into CAT's pathogenesis. Our findings suggest that future research should use sufficiently powered methods to identify the miRNA panel that most accurately predicts VTE and CAT. To determine if miRNAs, either on their own or as part of established risk models, have promise as VTE and CAT biomarkers, validation studies employing similar patient groups are needed.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short, non-coding RNAs that play an important role in a wide range of biological processes by directly binding to and repressing the expression of certain target genes in a post-transcriptional manner. More than one-half of human genes were controlled by miRNAs and their abnormal expression was discovered in different human illnesses, including malignancies. In recent years, researchers have discovered mounting evidence that the recently discovered miRNA miRNA-338 has a role in the development of a wide variety of malignancies, including lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, glioma, and others. Although a number of targets and signaling pathways such as MACC1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were revealed to be controlled by miRNA-338, their roles in tumor growth are still vague and the underlying molecular processes are still uncertain. In this article, we summarized the current state of knowledge on miRNA-338 and its activities in various human cancers in the hopes that this would spark fresh ideas for future research and the development of targeted therapies.

This article explores the fundamental importance of implementing rapid tests in the diagnosis of dengue, emphasizing their essential role in early detection and efficient management of this mosquito-transmitted disease. These tests, based on the detection of viral antigens or specific antibodies, not only provide results in record time but also constitute a significant contribution to global healthcare. Rapid tests offer an immediate response, allowing timely medical intervention that can make a difference in the clinical course of the patient. Their ability to identify the virus in the early stages of infection is crucial, not only for individualized care but also for mitigating the spread of dengue at the community level. Moreover, by distinguishing between virus serotypes, these tests provide a more precise perspective for the application of therapeutic and preventive strategies. The accessibility and simplicity of rapid tests become key elements for their positive impact, especially in resource-limited settings. The swift availability of results not only accelerates clinical decision-making but also facilitates the collection of crucial epidemiological data. This information contributes to the strategic planning of public health authorities, enabling a coordinated and efficient response to dengue outbreaks and epidemics. The widespread adoption of rapid tests in dengue diagnosis emerges as a fundamental pillar in global healthcare. Their ability to provide rapid and accurate results, their role in early detection, and their contribution to efficient management make these tests an invaluable tool in the fight against this prevalent disease, redefining how we approach the diagnosis and treatment of dengue on a global scale.

Near ubiquitous reproductive trends across taxa follow a pattern in which output increases with latitudes and decreases with calendar date. Research grounded in life history theory provides separate ultimate explanations for latitudinal and seasonal trends. Here we frame these dual trends as a Simpson's paradox and attempt to gain insights into proximate cues that might account for both simultaneously. Using citizen science data on Eastern bluebirds, we found highest support for a model of clutch size based on change in day length at clutch initiation. Describing reproductive trends based on non-biologically relevant constructs of latitude and calendar date obscured links between proximate and ultimate explanations. For birds, our findings are consistent with an internal coincidence model of circadian rhythmicity as a proximate control of clutch size. Other avian studies might benefit from viewing clutch size as a circadian behavior of clutch initiation and termination rather than a quantified trait.

N 6-methyladenosine (m 6A) is a common messenger RNA (mRNA) modification that affects diverse physiological processes in stress responses. However, the role of m 6A modification in plants coping with herbivore stress remains unclear. Here we found that an infestation of brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens female adults enhanced the rice resistance to BPH. An m 6A methylome analysis of BPH-infested and un-infested rice samples were measured to explore the interaction between rice and BPH. m 6A methylation occurs mainly in genes actively expressed in rice following BPH infestation, while an analysis of the whole-genomic mRNA distribution of m 6A showed that BPH infestation caused an overall decrease in the number of m 6A methylation sites across the chromosomes. Genes involved in components of the m 6A modification machinery, BPH resistance, and several defense-related (such as JA, SA and cellulose) pathways were heavily methylated by m 6A in BPH-infested rice compared to those in un-infested rice. In contrast, m 6A modification levels of growth-related phytohormones (auxin and gibberellin) biosynthesis-related genes were significantly attenuated under BPH attack, accompanied by downregulated expression of these transcripts, indicating that rice growth was restricted during BPH attack to rapidly optimize resource allocation for plant defense. Integrative analysis of the differential patterns of m 6A methylation and the corresponding transcripts showed a positive correlation between m 6A methylation and transcriptional regulation. In conclusion, the process of m 6A modification acts as an important strategy for regulating expression of genes involved in rice defense and growth during rice-BPH interaction.

Underwater target localization technology plays a vital role in the development and utilization of marine resources. Due to the multipath effect in the hydroacoustic channel, the received signal is the superposition of a series of direct and reflected acoustic paths, making it challenging to accurately identify the direct path using existing methods. To address this issue, this paper proposes a high-precision direct path recognition method based on LightGBM, which utilizes the amplitude, Time of Arrival (TOA), reception angle, and phase of the received pulse as input features. Meanwhile, due to the propagation time of acoustic waves from transmitter to receiver cannot be linearly converted to a distance value, as in the case of radio ranging in air, a method based on Effective Sound Velocity (ESV) is introduced to compensate for the bending of sound rays. By utilizing the recognized direct path delay value and the sound velocity value after compensating for sound ray bending, we can calculate the precise position of underwater targets. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in significantly improving the accuracy of underwater target localization.

Membrane proteins are those biomolecules that are attached to or incorporated into the membranes of cells and their organelles. Depending on their functions, they are located in various regions of a cell and are essential to several cellular processes. The locale revelation of these biomolecules is critical as it portrays their activities. Most protein subcellular localization predictors have been trained particularly on globular type and perform poorly on those residing on membranes, specifically through Deep Learning. To overcome this issue, membrane proteins are forecasted in three distinct locations, (a) plasma membrane, (b) internal membrane, and (c) organelle membrane. Features are extracted through Pseudo Amino Acid Composition and some other features from a redundancy curtailed MemLoci dataset. Pseudo Amino Acid Composition is an illustrious approach that excerpts factual protein information through amino acid sequences. Another key feature is that the Pseudo Amino Acid Composition’s impact is unrelated to the Deep Learning Execution of these membrane proteins. This novel study employs four deep learning models, including (a) Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), (b) Recurrent neural networks (RNN), (c) Convolutional neural networks (CNN), and (c) Long Short Term Memory (LSTM). After extensive experimentation, the accuracy of yields is 83.2%, 83.4%, 82.4%., and 80.5% respectively. The outcomes indicate that the simple RNN and ANN models, which are less used in the research, are more suitable compared to the other two models CNN and LSTM which are frequently implemented models in proteomics. The results of the first two models is approximately similar, with a difference of 0.2% among each other, however, they surpass the other two models with better of outcomes in the range of 2 - 3%.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by the formation of extracellular amyloid- β (A β) plaques. The underlying cause of AD is unknown, however, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of A β have been found in AD patients and are thought to play a role in protein aggregation. One such PTM is pyroglutamylation, which can occur at two sites in A β, Glu3 and Glu11. This modification of A β involves the truncation and charge-neutralization of N-terminal glutamate, causing A β to become more hy- drophobic and prone to aggregation. The molecular mech- anism by which the introduction of pyroglutamate (pE) pro- motes aggregation has not been determined. To gain a greater understanding of the role that charge neutralization and trun- cation of the N-terminus plays on A β conformational sam- pling, we used the Drude polarizable force field (FF) to per- form molecular dynamics simulations on A β pE3-42 and A β pE11-42 and comparing their properties to previous simulations of A β 1-42. The Drude polarizable FF allows for a more accurate representation of electrostatic interactions, therefore pro- viding novel insights into the role that charge plays in pro- tein dynamics. Here, we report the parametrization of pE in the Drude polarizable FF and the effect of pyroglutamyla- tion on A β. We found that A β pE3-42 and A β pE11-42 alter the permanent and induced dipoles of the peptide. Specifically, we found that A β pE3-42 and A β pE11-42 have modification- specific backbone and sidechain polarization response and perturbed solvation properties that shift the A β conforma- tional ensemble.

Objective of investigation: Enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) content in farmland is crucial for soil quality maintenance and food security. Crop rotation plays a significant role in this regard. However, the relationship between crop rotation and SOC sequestration remains unclear. This study focused on the effects of wheat −maize crop rotation on SOC in the Sushui River Basin in 2017–2021. Experimental material: soil organic carbon (SOC) content of monoculture wheat (47), monoculture maize (30), and wheat-maize rotation (35) sites in 2017 and 2021 cropland quality monitoring sites. Influencing factors were average temperature and rainfall during the study period, topographic factors, soil factors, and anthropogenic factors dominated by cropping systems. Method of investigation: Geographically Weighted Regression and Geodetector were used to explore the spatial effects of major food cropping systems on SOC trends and their interactions with other factors. Data collection: Soil, climate, and terrain data were obtained from Shanxi Province Cropland Quality Monitoring Data, Yuncheng Meteorological Bureau, and the Geospatial Data Cloud website of the Computer Network Information Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, respectively. Results: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant differences only between wheat and maize monocrops. Altitude, temperature, rainfall, and pH were the main factors affecting SOC spatial heterogeneity. Although the impact of the cropping system alone on spatial heterogeneity was not significant, the influence increased after interactions with other factors. Concerning SOC variation, wheat–maize rotation had a trade-off effect with elevation and synergistic effects with rainfall and pH. It displayed a synergistic effect with temperature in the southwest and a trade-off effect in the northeast. Conclusions: The degrees of trade-offs and synergy varied spatially among all interacting factors. Our results provide valuable insights that could facilitate optimization of planting layout and improvement of farmland management schemes.

Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) is a rare angioinvasive fungal infection known to be associated with high morbidity and over 50% mortality and has increased lately due to increasing predisposing immunocompromising comorbidities as well as COVID-19. In addition to the common acute disease progression, chronic less aggressive courses have been described less often. In this paper we report two cases – a 75-year-old woman with diabetes and a 39-year-old man with recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis. Both presented initially with acute sinonasal symptoms, were positive for SARS-COV-2 and later diagnosed with acute ROCM.  Both underwent mutilating surgical therapy as well as high administered dose Amphotericin B and long term continuous antifungal therapy. Patient 1 showed stable symptoms with radiographically increasing disease and died of urosepsis 5 months after first surgery. Patient 2 was first lost to follow-up after repatriation to his home country and 1 year later sent us a holiday picture of himself, having recovered from the disease.Key words:Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis, mucormycosis, Amphotericin-B, COVID-19, invasive fungal infection

Background and Aims: The long-term respiratory sequelae of COVID-19 infection in children remain poorly understood and may differ across countries. This study aims to investigate the respiratory sequelae, including residual respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function in Thai children. The secondary aim is to identify factors associated with the respiratory sequelae. Materials and Methods: This is an observational study involving 56 healthy children, aged between 7-18 years, who were diagnosed with COVID-19 infection from July 2021 to February 2023. Clinical data relating to COVID-19 infection and persistent symptoms after the infection were assessed after the infection up to six months. Spirometry was performed to assess pulmonary function. Results: Post COVID-19 symptoms were identified in 14 patients (25%), with fatigue, cough, and dyspnea being common symptoms (28-35%). A significant correlation was found between post COVID-19 symptoms and pneumonia (OR = 6.00, 95%CI [1.54,23.33], p=0.01). Abnormal pulmonary function was identified in 10 patients (17.8%) with obstructive impairment being the most common. However, there were no significant association between clinical factors and pulmonary function impairment. Conclusion: Prolonged respiratory symptoms and abnormal pulmonary function following COVID-19 infection are not uncommon in children. The post COVID-19 symptoms are possibly associated with COVID-19 pneumonia.

Comparing causal effect estimates obtained using observational data to those obtained from the gold standard (i.e., randomized controlled trials, RCTs) helps us assess the validity of these estimates. However, comparisons are challenging due to differences between observational data and RCT generated data: First, the treatment assignment mechanism is often unknown for observational data, and second, the sampling mechanism often differs between the RCT and the observational data. Differences in the treatment assignment mechanism introduce potential confounding, whereas differences in the sampling mechanism introduce sampling bias. This article proposes a two-step framework for the validation of causal effect estimates obtained from observational data by adjusting for both mechanisms. A simulation study is conducted to show that our suggested two-step framework enables observational data to produce causal effect estimates similar to those of an RCT. An application of our approach to validate treatment effects of adjuvant chemotherapy obtained from registry data is demonstrated. This article establishes a novel framework for comparing causal effect estimates between observational data and RCT data, facilitating the assessment of the validity of causal effect estimates obtained from observational data.

Unification theory with no extra dimensions. The first part unifies the strong nuclear force with the gravitational force in a mathematical way, the second part unifies the nuclear force with the quantum vacuum in a hypothetical structure.

This study aims to evaluate the acupuncture effect on exercise-induced fatigue utilizing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). A total of 20 sports enthusiasts were recruited in this study, all participants would be assigned to receive acupuncture and sham acupuncture intervention on exercise-induced fatigue randomly. TMS and heart rate monitor would be used to measure the amplitude and latency of motor evoked potential (MEP) and heart rate every 5 minutes over a 30-minute period. Lactate Scout+ was used to measure the blood lactic acid (BLA) in baseline, 0 minutes and 30 minutes after fatigue. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the difference between acupuncture method and time effects. Bonferroni post hoc tests were conducted to compare specific differences. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Interaction effect was found between acupuncture method and time effect in amplitude (F (1, 38) = 5.40, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.12) and latency (F (1, 38) = 3.78, P = 0.008, η2 = 0.09) of MEP. Acupuncture intervention can promote the recovery of heart rate especially at 30 minutes (P < 0.05), but which seem insufficient to generate significant difference in BLA (F (1, 38) = 0.067, P = 0.797, η2 = 0.002). Preliminary findings provide new perspectives for sports enthusiasts to relieve fatigue and reduce the inhibition of motor cortex excitability utilizing acupuncture.

[Abstract] Purpose: This study employed bibliometric methods to analyze the research hotspots and future development trends regarding the application of mesenchymal stem cells in peripheral nerve injury and regeneration. Methods: We screened relevant articles published between January 1, 2013, and October 1, 2023, by using the search TS=(“Mesenchymal stem cells” AND “Peripheral nerve injury”) OR TS=(“Mesenchymal stem cells” AND “Peripheral nerve regeneration”) through the Web of Science database. Subsequently, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation using visualization analysis software CitesSpace and VOSviewer from various perspectives, such as publication quantity, authors, countries, institutions, keywords, and popular research topics. Results: In this study, we extensively searched the Web of Science database and obtained 350 relevant literatures. These documents were written by 2049 collaborative authors from 41 countries, who were affiliated with 585 different research institutions. These collaborative authors published their research findings in 167 different journals and cited 21,064 literatures from 3,339 journals. Conclusion: In the past decade, the number of publications and citations related to mesenchymal stem cells in the field of peripheral nerve injury and regeneration has shown an overall increasing trend. Stem cell therapy for nerve injury has become a highly focused research field, especially mesenchymal stem cell therapy, which has enormous potential in nerve injury treatment and may provide better treatment and rehabilitation opportunities for patients, as well as making important contributions to the progress and innovation of medicine.

Differences between autistic and non-autistic individuals in perception of the temporal relationships between sights and sounds are theorized to underlie difficulties in integrating relevant sensory information. These, in turn, are thought to contribute to problems with speech perception and higher level social behaviors. However, the literature establishing this connection often involves limited sample sizes and focuses almost entirely on children. To determine whether these differences persist into adulthood, we compared 469 autistic and 373 non-autistic adults (aged 17 to 75 years). Participants completed an online version of the McGurk/MacDonald paradigm, a multisensory illusion indicative of the ability to integrate audiovisual speech stimuli. Audiovisual asynchrony was manipulated, and participants responded both to the syllable they perceived (revealing their susceptibility to the illusion) and to whether or not the audio and video were synchronized (allowing insight into temporal processing). In contrast with prior research with smaller, younger samples, we detected no evidence of impaired temporal or multisensory processing in autistic adults. Instead, we found that in both groups, multisensory integration correlated strongly with age. This contradicts prior presumptions that differences in multisensory perception persist and even increase in magnitude over the lifespan of autistic individuals. It also suggests that the compensatory role multisensory integration may play as the individual senses decline with age is intact. These findings challenge existing theories and provide an optimistic perspective on autistic development. They also underline the importance of expanding autism research to better reflect the age range of the autistic population.

In the last decade, electronic surveillance systems have been actively employed for monitoring traffic rule violations with the aim of enhancing traffic regulation. The utilization of these systems has resulted in increased compliance with traffic regulations, consequently leading to a reduction in losses attributed to traffic accidents. The impact created by these systems is expected to be further amplified through the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) support. Within the scope of this study, a detailed analysis of the socio-economic impact of AI-assisted Electronic Traffic Monitoring Systems has been conducted, focusing on economic, mobility, health, environmental, and quality of life aspects.

Wild honey poisoning: A case report from Central Nepal

Background matching and disruptive colouration are defense mechanisms of animals against visual predators. Disruptive colouration tends to evolve in microhabitats that are visually heterogeneous, while background matching is favored in microhabitats that are chromatically homogeneous. This is one of the few comparative studies that have tested the relative impact of background matching and disruptive markings in the chromatic evolution. Controlling for the phylogeny, we explored the evolution of the colouration and the marking patterns in the sexual dichromatic and widely distributed Neotropical grasshoppers of the genus Sphenarium. These grasshoppers represent an excellent model to investigate the evolution of cryptic colouration on insects due to the heterogeneity of the environments where they have evolved. We found a correlation between the grasshoppers' colouration and disruptive markings with the chromatic properties of their environments that was inferred by the levels of precipitation during the rainy season. The results suggest that colours and marks patterns could evolve due to predation pressures. Colour in both sexes could offer camouflage that is not perfectly background matched to a single habitat but instead offers a degree of resemblance to multiple backgrounds. Moreover, we found that males and females chromatic properties differ between them and precipitation levels where the species are found. This suggests that the sexes have diverged in their response to the environments, favoring the evolution of sexual dichromatism in these grasshoppers.

This paper presents a nonlinear extended state observer-based sliding mode control strategy of Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) to address the poor performance of conventional double closed-loop PI control under tough conditions. A variable speed reaching law is proposed to balance the rapidity and robustness under the fixed parameters of the exponential reaching law. Then, a nonlinear extended observer is proposed to ensure the estimated accuracy of disturbance and rotational speed. Then, a deadbeat current prediction control is designed to replace the conventional dual PI current control to ensure efficient current loop control of PMSM. Furthermore, the stability proof of the proposed control strategy is developed. Experimental results are given to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. The proposed control approach can effectively improve speed and current control performance with tough conditions (e.g., speed and torque step-changes, periodic disturbances).

Pairing assistance (PA) of health professionals between county hospitals and township health centers is one of the key components of the reform of medical alliances in China to strengthen the development of health workforce in primary health care (PHC). This study aims to examine the effect of PA on healthcare utilization for patients with chronic diseases in rural areas. Two waves of National Health Services Survey (2013 and 2018) were used. A total of 13893 and 22725 rural residents with chronic diseases were included in the 2013 and 2018 waves, respectively. Multiple logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between PA and outpatient and inpatient service utilization in PHC. Chow test was used to examine the difference between PA in two models. Among rural patients with chronic diseases, two-week outpatient visits increased from 22.69% to 27.54%, and annual hospitalization admission increased from 20.72% in 2013 to 25.44%. PA was associated with a significant decrease in outpatient visits (p<0.001) in 2018 after controlling for individual and county characteristics. Patients in PA counties were 1.45 times (95% CI 1.10-1.90) more likely to use PHC outpatient care in 2013, but the difference disappeared in 2018 (OR=0.85, 95% CI 0.71-1.01). PA did not reverse the downward trend in the share of PHC outpatient visits. PA under medical alliances in China provides a potential model for building integrated people-centered health systems for other low- and middle-income countries.

This letter presents a design of single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor with 128×128 pixels and 128 column-parallel time-to-analog-merged-analog-to-digital converts (TA-ADCs). Unlike the conventional TAC-based SPAD LiDAR sensor, in which the TAC and ADC are separately implemented, we proposed to merge the TAC and ADC by sharing their capacitors, thus avoiding the analog readout noise of TAC’s output buffer, improving the conversion rate, and reducing chip area. The reverse stop-start logic is employed to reduce the power of the TA-ADC. Fabricated in a 180nm CMOS process, our prototype sensor exhibits a timing resolution of 25ps, a DNL of +0.30/-0.77 LSB, an INL of +1.41/-2.20 LSB, and a total power consumption of 190mW. A flash LiDAR system based on this sensor demonstrates the function of 2D/3D imaging with 128×128 resolution, 25k inter-frame rate, and sub-centimeter ranging precision.

Rhododendron nivale subsp. boreale Philipson et M. N. Philipson is a kind of ornamental alpine woody flower from mountaintop scrub at an altitude of approximately 4000 meters. Despite ecological significance, the lack of genomic resources has hindered a comprehensive understanding of its evolutionary and adaptive characteristics in high-altitude environments. In this work, we sequenced and assembled the genome of R. nivale subsp. boreale, which is an assembly of the first subgenus Rhododendron and the first high-altitude woody flowering autotetraploid. The assembly included 52 pseudochromosomes, which belonged to 4 haplotypes, harbor 127,810 predicted protein-coding genes. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that R. nivale subsp. boreale originated as a neopolyploid resulting from R. nivale and experienced two rounds of ancient polyploidy event. Transcriptional expression analysis showed that the expression differences of alleles were common, randomly distributed in the genome. We identified signatures of positive selection involved not only in adaptations to mountaintop ecosystem (response to UV radiation and developmental regulation), but also in strategy of autotetraploid reproduction (meiotic stabilization). Notably, highly expressed ERF VIIs aid survival in hypoxic mountaintop environments. Meanwhile, the expanded families was enriched in brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis, which enhances adaptability to the dramatic changes in alpine weather, is likely mediated by the increased number of cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes. This valuable genome of mountaintop woody flowering autotetraploids not only provides genetic resources for studying high-altitude polyploid formation but also provides new insights for understanding the evolution and adaptation mechanism of high-altitude plants.