As briefly discussed below, discovery of the female penis potentially has great impacts for the studies of sexual selection and origins of novel traits. However, the project was originally launched as a pure descriptive taxonomic study. It should also be noted that Neotrogla belongs to Psocoptera, one of the most neglected insect taxa with only a handful active taxonomists in the world (Psocoptera were formerly treated as an independent order but are now regarded as a paraphyletic assemblage of free living members of Psocodea, an order which also includes parasitic lice: Yoshizawa & Johnson 2006). In 1998, Ferreira, a specialist of cave ecosystems, collected specimens of this insect by chance for the first time. Later, these specimens together with other species collected subsequently were sent to Lienhard, a taxonomist of this group of insects, for identification. These were completely unknown insects and were described as new species representing a new genus (Lienhard, Do Carmo and Ferreira 2010). In this study, the very impressive penis-like organ of the female was first described and illustrated; it was denoted by the new term gynosome and its potential function as an intromittent organ was discussed. In Yoshizawa et al. (2014), it was shown, for the first time, that the gynosome actually functions as an intromittent organ to uptake sperm from the males.