In order to observe Neotrogla copulation, new techniques were developed. However, all of them are very simple and cheap. For example, liquid nitrogen is generally used to fix insects in copula (e.g., Briceno et al. 2007). However, it was unavailable in the caves, several hundred kilometers away from the lab. The very simple solution was use of hot water by which insects in copula can be killed instantaneously without modification, before later transferring them into 80% ethanol for permanent fixation. To observe the inside of the coupled genitalia after fixation, internal soft tissues such as muscles must be dissolved. However, connection between the male and female genitalia is maintained by muscles so that their dissolution causes detaching of the coupling pairs. The solution to this dilemma was to embed them into agarose before dissolving. In future studies on the origin of the female penis, establishing healthy cultures of Neotrogla would be quite useful but also a big challenge because Neotrogla species live in very specialized environment and feed on very restricted foods. In order to examine the sexual selection working on the insects, we need to develop experiments that control the relative quality of males and females by modulating the quality and/or availability of their food. Therefore, we hope to find controllable foods available for future studies on Neotrogla (e.g., flour, yeast and skim milk are used to rear domestic psocopterans: Wearing-Wilde 1996).