Study ID (first author, year) Study design Type of targeted behaviour Primary outcomes Type of interventions compared Clinical condition Targeted health professional
Osvaldo P. Almeida, 2012 CRCT The care for patients with depression and self-harm behavior in a large sample of primary care patients aged 60 years or older A composite measure of clinically significant depression (Patient Health Questionnaire score ≥10) or self-harm behavior (suicide thoughts or attempt during the previous 12 months) The intervention consisted of a practice audit with personalized automated audit feedback, printed educational material, and 6-monthly educational newsletters delivered over a period of 2 years. Control physicians completed a practice audit but did not receive individualized feedback. They also received 6-monthly newsletters describing the progress of the study, but they were not offered access to the educational material about screening, diagnosis and management of depression, and suicide behavior in later life. Depression GP
Anthony J Avery, 2012 CRCT Medication errors The proportions of patients at 6 months after the intervention who had had any of three clinically important errors: non selective NSAIDs prescribed to those with a history of peptic ulcer without co-prescription of a proton-pump inhibitor; β blockers prescribed to those with a history of asthma; long-term prescription of ACE-I or loop diuretics to those 75 years or older without assessment of urea and electrolytes in the preceding 15 months. Computer-generated simple feedback for at-risk patients (control) versus a pharmacist-led information technology intervention, composed of feedback, educational outreach, and dedicated support. Medication safety GP
B. Bonevski, 1999 RCT Preventive medicine Assessing smoking and benzodiazepine use sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy and whether blood pressure and cholesterol screening levels were obtained. Those given the intervention received a computerized feedback system; control group was given usual care Preventive medicine GP
Carlos A. Estrada, 2011 CRCT Improving diabetes control ‘Acceptable control’: [hemoglobin A1c <9%, blood pressure <140/90 mmHg, LDL cholesterol <130 mg/dl] and ‘optimal control’: [hemoglobin A1c <7%, blood pressure <130/80 mmHg, LDL cholesterol <100 mg/dl]. A multi-component intervention including Web-based CME, performance feedback and quality improvement tools versus usual care (physicians in the control group did not receive performance feedback reports or electronic communications) Diabetes Primary care physicians
Trine Lignell Guldberg, 2011 CRCT Quality of type 2 diabetes care Processes of care according to guidelines on redeemed prescriptions for recommended type 2 diabetes treatment, measuring of HbA1c and cholesterol and visits to ophthalmologists To receive or not to receive electronic feedback on quality of care Type 2 diabetes GP
Bruce Guthrie, 2016 CRCT Safety of prescribing Proportion of patients included in one or more of the defined 6 individual secondary outcomes (denominator) who receive any high risk prescription (numerator) 3 arms: “usual care,” (consisting of emailed educational material with support for searching to identify patient); usual care plus feedback on practice’s high risk prescribing; usual care plus the same feedback incorporating a behavioral change component Safety of prescribing GP
Wei Yin Lim, 2018 CRCT Manual prescribing medication The percentage of prescriptions with at least one error (error versus no error) a) full feedback intervention [structured prescription review and prescribing performance feedback (league tables and authorized feedback letter)], b) partial feedback intervention [structured prescription review and prescribing performance feedback (league tables only)], or c) usual care as control (structured prescription review only). Errors in prescribing Primary care prescribers
Jeffrey A. Linder, 2010 CRCT Antibiotic prescribing The primary outcome was the intent-to-intervene antibiotic prescribing rate for acute respiratory infection visits. the ARI Quality Dashboard, an EHR–based feedback system versus usual care Acute respiratory infections Primary care physicians
James W. Mold, 2008 RCT Preventive service delivery The number of practices who implemented one or more evidence-based processes and the total number of processes implemented, as determined by a blinded expert panel from transcripts of structured clinician interviews conducted at baseline and after a 6-month intervention period Comparing a multicomponent quality improvement intervention (Intervention practices received performance feedback, peer-to-peer education (academic detailing), a practice facilitator, and computer (information technology) support) to feedback and benchmarking (= control) Preventive medicine Clinicians
Gbenga Ogedegbe, 2014 CRCT Blood Pressure controle The rate of BP control at 12 months, defined as mean BP <140/90 mm Hg (or mean BP <130/80 mm Hg for those with diabetes mellitus or kidney disease) Patients at the intervention sites received patient education, home BP monitoring, and monthly lifestyle counseling, whereas physicians attended monthly hypertension case rounds and received feedback on their patients’ home BP readings and chart audits. Patients and physicians at the usual care sites received printed patient education material and hypertension treatment guidelines, respectively. Hypertension GP
Steven Ornstein, 2010 CRCT Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening Proportion of active patients up to date with CRC screening and having screening recommended within past year among those not up to date A quality improvement intervention combining EHR based audit and feedback, practice site visits for academic detailing and participatory planning, and “best-practice” dissemination on CRC screening versus usual care Colorectal cancer Primary care physicians
Ginger A. Pape, 2011 CRCT Cholesterol Management in Diabetes Mellitus Proportion of participants in each arm achieving a target LDL level of 100 mg/dL or lower The intervention included remote physician-pharmacist team-based care focused on cholesterol management in DM versus control. All clinicians in the study had access to a health information technology tool, which provided automated DM-related point-of-care prompts, a Web-based registry, and performance feedback with benchmarking. Cholesterol management in diabetes mellitus Family practice and internal medicine physicians
David Peiris, 2015
CRCT
Cardiovascular disease risk management
There are 2 coprimary outcomes: 1. The proportion of eligible patients who received appropriate screening of CVD risk factors by the end of study. 2. The proportion of eligible patients defined at baseline as being at high CVD risk, receiving recommended medication prescriptions at the end of study.
The intervention arm consisted of a computer-guided QI intervention comprising point-of care electronic decision support, audit and feedback tools, and clinical workforce training versus usual care.
Cardiovascular disease risk management
GP
Inés Urbiztondo, 2017 CRCT Antibiotic prescribing in patients with suspected respiratory tract infection The change in the proportion of patients treated with antibiotics for respiratory tract infection Intervention (evidence-based online feedback) versus control (no exposure to the evidence-based online feedback) respiratory tract infections GP
Dragos Vinereanu, 2017 CRCT Use of oral anticoagulant medication in atrial fibrillation to avoid stroke The change in the proportion of patients treated with oral anticoagulants Intervention consisting of 2 components (education and regular monitoring & feedback) versus usual care Atrial fibrillation Health care providers
William C. Wadland, 2007 CRCT Smoking cessation Changes from baseline to post intervention (18 months) in clinician referrals in both intervention and control groups Comparing the impact of 6 quarterly feedback reports (intervention) with that of general reminders (control) Smoking cessation Clinicians
N. Winslade, 2016 RCT Provision of professional services and the quality of patients’ medication use The number of hypertension/asthma services billed per pharmacy and percentage of dispensing to non-adherent patients over the 12 months post intervention. Pharmacy-specific performance feedback reports versus no feedback reports Astma and hypertension Pharmacist