Model performance
The model was trained for 200 epochs and showed a significant convergence trend. In terms of precision, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency and root MSE (RMSE)-observation standard deviation ratio (RSR) were used as indicators to reflect the model performance and reached values of 0.51 and 0.70 respectively, indicating “satisfactory” performance. Spatially, the observed value and predictive value of each sample were visualized with one set of legends showing similar spatial characteristics (Figure 1). However, overall, the sum of the predictive values was lower than the ground truth sum.