6. Concluding Remarks
Without apply digitized knowledge, problems cannot be solved in Industry
4.0. Thus, any ambiguity in the definition of knowledge creates
unnecessary complexity and hinders the advancement of Industry 4.0.
Most authors attempting to define knowledge have restricted themselves
to their respective disciplines and provided piecemeal solutions. Some
of the definitions suffer circularity. Thus, eliminating circularity in
the definition of knowledge as well as maintaining a genial attitude
toward all definitions reported to date constitutes a major challenge
when attempting to define knowledge. This article overcomes this
challenge by proposing a three-element-based definition of knowledge;
i.e., a piece of knowledge consists of knowledge claim, knowledge
provenance, and knowledge inference. These elements have been defined in
clear terms to help make a distinction between knowledge and
data/information. Knowledge inference helps define knowledge
types—definitional, deductive, inductive, or creative—whereas
knowledge claim manifests knowledge in explicit terms. Each type of
knowledge exhibits some categories, which have been exemplified using
real-life scenarios relevant to engineering design and manufacturing. It
has been observed that except definitional knowledge, no other knowledge
type or their categories can exist independently. They, however, form
concept maps, which are networks of concepts or user-defined ontologies.
In other words, when a concept map is studied, its contents boil down to
definitional, deductive, inductive, and/or creative knowledge.
Consequently, when constructing concept maps for human or machine
learning, contents can be organized and analyzed based on the type of
knowledge and its categories. This way, the types of categories of
knowledge can be used as semantic annotations.
Nevertheless, defining knowledge implies proposing pieces of analytic a
priori-based creative knowledge. Thus, the process of defining knowledge
requires further development. In this sense, the proposed study marks
the beginning of a long journey that would end when the definition of
knowledge would itself become an analytic a priori knowledge for all
stakeholders.
Acknowledgments: The author has no conflicts of interest
relevant to this article.
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