References:
  1. Smallhorn J.F. Cross-sectional echocardiographic assessment of atrioventricular septal defect: basic morphology and preoperative risk factors. Echocardiography. 2001; 18: 415-32
  2. Barrea C. , Levasseur S. , Roman MK , Nii M. Three-dimensional echocardiography improves the understanding of left atrioventricular valve morphology and function in atrioventricular septal defects undergoing patch augmentation J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129:746-53
  3. Lange A, Mankad P, Walayat M, Palka P, Burns JE, Godman MJ. Transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography in the preoperative assessment of atrioventricular septal defect morphology .Am J Cardiol.2000;85:630-5
  4. Kutty S. , Smallhorn J.F. Evaluation of atrioventricular septal defects by three-dimensional echocardiography: benefits of navigating the third dimension J Am Soc Echocardiogr . 2012 ;25:932-44
Figure 1: (Panel A): 2D TOE (RV inflow-outflow view) shows marked RVOT hypertrophy. (Panel B, C): 2D TOE and TTE (Four chamber views) shows a large ostium primum ASD. (Panel D): Zoomed mode of the AV valve from the ventricular perspective confirms the presence of a common AV annulus with five leaflets (superior and inferior bridging leaflets, left mural leaflet and anteroseptal and posterior leaflets). (Panel E, F): Zoomed mode of the IAS from both left and right atrial perspectives shows an oval-shaped ostium primum ASD.
Video 1: 3D TOE, Zoomed mood of the common AV valve from ventricular perspective
Video 2: 3D TOE (Full volume, 4 beat acquisition) shows multiple fenestrated inlet VSDs and marked RVOT hypertrophy.