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\begin{document}

\title{Evaluation of the role and usefulness of clinical pharmacists at the
Fangcang hospitals during COVID-19 outbreak}



\author[1]{Dongyuan  Wang}%
\author[1]{Yihui Liu}%
\author[1]{Fang  Zeng}%
\author[1]{Fang Cheng}%
\author[1]{Chen Shi}%
\author[1]{Yong Han}%
\author[2]{Yu Zhang}%
\affil[1]{Huazhong University of Science and Technology Tongji Medical College}%
\affil[2]{Affiliation not available}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{March 14, 2025}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Background: Fangcang hospital (cabin hospitals) played a key role in
isolation and control of the infection sources during COVID-19 epidemic.
The patients at Fangcang hospitals were complicated, and many had
different symptoms of COVID-19, some had comorbidities or mental stress,
and many were confused with the drug usages etc. Objective: Due to the
limitation and high work pressure of first line medical workers,
patients' various problems couldn't be explained well. Under this
circumstance, online pharmaceutical care was provided by clinical
pharmacists. This study was a retrospective study to evaluate the role
and usefulness of clinical pharmacists at Jianghan Fangcang Hospital.
Besides, this new mode of service was also introduced in detail to
provide options for pharmacists in other hospitals. Methods: The
pharmaceutical care included medication education via broadcast station,
and medication reconciliation, optimization of drug use, monitor of
adverse drug events, and psychological comfort via WeChat\selectlanguage{ngerman}® one-to-one
service. In this study, we analyzed patients' characteristics and drug
usages, concluded almost 200 patients' problems classified into 6
aspects solved by clinical pharmacists, and also assessed the patients'
satisfaction with our service. Results: The clinical pharmacist help
patients solved almost 200 questions, which mainly focused on the drug
related problems including drug usage (65.38\%), medication
reconciliation (55.13\%), drug precautions (23.1\%), adverse drug
reactions (35.9\%), and psychological counseling (32.05\%). Through 35
days' services, Most patients were satisfied with clinical pharmacist
service(66.7\%great, 18.0\%good). Besides, most patients thought the
service had positive effect on their mental stress(16.7\%great,
43.6\%good, 26.9\%fair). Conclusion: The results of the retrospective
study indicated that clinical pharmacist can effectively reduce and
prevent drug-related, life-related and COVID-19-related problems for
COVID-19 patients. This work may provide possible work patterns for
clinical pharmacist in other hospital and give more professional service
for Fangcang hospital patients.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



\sloppy




\textbf{Introduction}

Since a novel coronavirus has caused worldwide outbreak of COVID-19. The
spectrum of COVID-19 ranges from mild to severe and even
death\textsuperscript{1-4}. Up to now, more than 80\% of the confirmed
cases of COVID-19 are mild or common illness. Currently there are no
specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19\textsuperscript{5-7}. The
World Health Organization (WHO) has now declared the coronavirus a
global pandemic.

Since the SARS-CoV-2 is highly infectious, in order to control the
spread of the epidemic, Fangcang hospitals were established as a new
major public health facility, which had large space, multiple beds and
possessed multiple functions, including emergency treatment, clinical
examination and centralized management\textsuperscript{8-10}. Until
Feb.24\textsuperscript{th}, 2020, there have been 16 Fangcang hospitals
established for more than 12,000 patients with mild and common COVID-19
in China. As a requisite functional module of the Fangcang hospital, the
Fangcang pharmacy and clinical pharmacists also played an important role
in ensuring the supply and safety of therapeutic drugs for the COVID-19
patients\textsuperscript{9}.

As the largest Fangcang hospital, Jianghan Fangcang Hospital was the
first one to open up for mild/ moderate COVID-19 patients, which
provided about 1500 beds. Most of the patients had no obvious clinical
symptoms or had mild symptoms after they were hospitalized. Common
respiratory symptoms include fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath.
A few patients were accompanied with nasal obstruction, running nose,
pharyngalgia, myalgia and diarrhea. The therapeutic regimen was simple
and mainly included antiviral and symptomatic treatment. However, the
large number and complicated sources of patients with mental stress and
comorbidities, make the treatment more complicated and difficult. There
were also many special patients, such as child, pregnant and senile ones
resulting in a great difficulty of treatment assignment.

The standard treatment for patients in the Fangcang hospitals included,
as necessary, antiviral agents, traditional Chinese medicines,
immunomodulator, glucocorticoid, intestinal microecological modulators
etc. And other medicines for chronic diseases. Under this circumstance,
there are many drug related problems such as drug interventions, drug
interactions and adverse drug reactions, which lead to high risks of
drug safety in COVID-19 patients, especially for those special patients.
Therefore, it's important to carry out monitoring of drug therapeutic
effect and adverse reactions, for timely guiding medical workers and
patients to use drugs rationally, provide relevant drug consultation.

This study was a retrospective study on the benefit of pharmaceutical
care for patients in Jianghan Fangcang Hospital. Data were collected
from medical records, patient questionnaire and
WeChat\selectlanguage{ngerman}\textsuperscript{®} online service records. After 35 days'
pharmaceutical care, clinical pharmacist help 349 patients solved about
196 different questions concluded in this paper. The satisfaction with
patients was assessed through discharged patients' questionnaire.

\textbf{Methods}

Ethics statement

This study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of
Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science
and Technology (IRB Number: 104). Since this study was merely a
retrospective review of the routine service that was put in place and
data were gathered from existing documents based on routine work.
Personal information was protected in the aggregated data.

Patients

A retro-prospective study was performed on the patients who were
diagnosed of COVID-19 and received pharmaceutical care services at the
Jianghan Fangcang Hospital, from February 5\textsuperscript{th}, 2020 to
March 10\textsuperscript{th}, 2020. Patients who refused to fill in
questionnaires and receive pharmaceutical care were not included in this
study. The sample size was determined to be 349 patients.

Pharmaceutical care service

Besides the supplement of therapeutic drugs, clinical pharmacists also
played important role for serving pharmaceutical care. Clinical
pharmacist team explored the online pharmaceutical care service mode
according to the special condition of the Fangcang hospitals, and
provided remote pharmaceutical care services to patients, online
pharmaceutical consultation and non-contact services mainly implement
through WeChat\textsuperscript{®} , so as to ensure one-on-one
communication with the patients and solve their medication problems
timely and effectively. Our pharmaceutical care plan including\selectlanguage{english}:

(1) A series of ''Rational Drug Use'' science broadcasting programs were
opened to introduce the common medical knowledge to patients, including
medical instructions, drug usage, drug interactions and adverse drug
reactions. The programs cover various aspects of treatment, including
antiviral agents, antibacterial agents, traditional Chinese medicines,
nutritious diet, post-discharge management, emotional regulation, etc.

(2)The WeChat\textsuperscript{(r)} ID of ''clinical pharmacist in the
Fangcang hospital'' was established and actively publicized, so that
patients in need of help could voluntarily contact clinical pharmacists
by WeChat\textsuperscript{(r)}, and fill in the ''self-reported
questionnaire ''. Thus, the basic information about initial symptoms of
COVID-19, basic comorbidities and their medication could be obtained by
online consultation.

(3)Joined COVID-19 patients were required to acquire the first
pharmaceutical care and follow-up visit within 24h of the next day,
ensuring that all patients could timely obtain service.

(4)Clinical pharmacists were assigned to patients according to their
disease conditions. WeChat\textsuperscript{(r)} is used to provide 24-hour
online ''one-to-one'' pharmaceutical care, including providing
indications, dosage, adverse drug reactions.

(5)Patients received follow-up visit after discharge to monitor their
physical condition.

The inpatients' questionnaire survey items

Each item was independently created by the clinical pharmacists taking
into consideration of usual pharmaceutical care. The survey included
patient basic information, initial symptoms of COVID-19, patient's
mental state, comorbidities, the medications including antivirals,
antibiotics and other drugs, adverse drug reactions and so on. The
questionnaire was administered to the patients before they received
clinical pharmacist on-line service. Patients refused to service were
excluded from this study.

Usefulness of the online pharmaceutical care service

Between February 5\textsuperscript{th} and March
10\textsuperscript{th}2020, the discharged patients' questionnaire was
administered to 78 patients who received pharmaceutical care service at
the Jianghan Fangcang Hospital. The survey included the days for
antiviral and antibiotic therapy, the usefulness of pharmacist care
service on patients' rational medication and mental situations, the
satisfaction with clinical pharmacist service. Patients who did not
received pharmacist service were excluded.

\textbf{Results}

Demographic

1848 patients were hospitalised in Jianghan Fangcang Hospital and 349
patients were willing to add us on WeChat\textsuperscript{(r)} to receive
the pharmaceutical care. Before we performed our service, the patients
were allowed to fill in the inpatients' questionnaire. A total of 349
patients at Fangcang hospital were admitted to this study with an
average age of 45.5 +- 10.6 years and 57.6\% female. All these patients
were diagnosed with mild COVID-19, who had fever(79.7\%), cough(60.5\%)
with 43.6\% sputum, pharyngalgia, myalgia, headache(57.3\%), shortness
of breath (42.7\%), chest distress(38.4\%), diarrhea(35.8\%), nausea and
vomiting(24.9\%), dyspnea(24.4\%), eye symptoms(18.3\%), sneeze(17.2\%)
, rhinobyon (14.0\%). Clinical pharmacist need to be more careful with
the patients who had more infection symptoms and anxiety in case they
got worse. At Fangcang hospital, the patients' conditions were
complicated and many had comorbidities such as hypertension(12.9\%),
hyperlipidemia (9.2\%), thyroid disease(8.9\%), diabetes(7.2\%), heart
disease(3.4\%), nephropathy(1.7\%), cancer(1.1\%) and other
diseases(12.6\%). Details of patient's characteristics are summarized in
Table1. The complicated patient conditions indicated an urgent need for
pharmaceutical care at Fangcang hospital.

Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak

Patients are usually significantly stressed by the big public health
emergencies such as SARS\textsuperscript{11}. The patients with COVID-19
could suffer from severe psychological burden during COVID-19 outbreak.
Before we initiated our pharmaceutical care for patients, we had a
preliminary understanding of the patient's psychological status. Our
study showed that a few people' spirits were bad (4.6\%, 16/349) and
32.09\% (120/349) were low. Many patients had low sleep
quality(44.12\%), and a few (17.91\%) had really bad sleep. Most common
reported influence factors included anxiety and fear of epidemic
situation and clinical outcomes of medications. We performed drug
education and psychological comfort for patients with bad spirit and
enhanced the visit frequency for them. From the questionnaire for
discharged patients(n=78), we found our service had positive effect on
their mental stress(16.7\%great, 43.6\%good, 26.9\%fair).

Medication and adverse drug reaction

Patients at Fangcang hospital were treated with various antivirals,
antibiotic, traditional Chinese medicine and other symptomatic treatment
drugs shown in Table 2. The antivirals taken by patients included
Arbidol(70.8\%), Oseltamivir(82.5\%), Chinese patent medicine of Lianhua
Qingwen Granule(92.8\%), Chinese herbal decoction(64.8\%),
Ribavirin(4.9\%), Interferon-\selectlanguage{greek}α\selectlanguage{english}(1.7\%). With the weakened immune system,
few patients were companied with bacterial infection~in pneumonia, thus
antibiotics were taken. The antibiotics include moxifloxacin(73.1\%),
cefdinir(36.7\%), levofloxacin(32.1\%),
amoxicillin(6.3\%),azithromycin(3.2\%). Due to the concerns about
outcome of medications and a lack of common medical knowledge, many
patients took more than one antivirals or antibiotics with the same
function overtime, which not only failed to achieve the therapeutic
curative efficacy, but also caused a variety of adverse drug reactions.
Besides, many patients also took various treatments for their
comorbidities, and these drugs may have interactions with antivirals or
antibiotics, which may lead great risk of drug use of COVID-19 patients.

Before the pharmaceutical care provided, many patients reported they had
adverse drug reactions(61.9\%), including diarrhea (27.5\%), nausea
(27.2\%), fatigue (24.4\%), insomnia (16\%), vomiting (11.7\%), itchy
skin (10.9\%), constipation (5.2\%), difficulty urinating (4.6\%), and
other adverse drug reactions(6.9\%), shown in Table 3. While patients
may get confused with these reactions, as some adverse drug reactions
were similar with the symptoms of the COVID-19. Thus, these reported
adverse drug reactions need to be further confirmed by clinical
pharmacists during patients' consultation.

Online pharmaceutical care service

In recent decades, clinical pharmacist have provided kinds of
pharmaceutical care for patients with different
diseases\textsuperscript{12-14}. The remote pharmacy service such as
telepharmacy have benefited numerous patients in settings the
pharmacists are not available\textsuperscript{15-16}. Due to the
isolation of Fangcang hospital, and the special nature of COVID-19, a
novel service model was developed by clinical pharmacists for the
special circumstances of Fangcang hospitals. First, we gave ''Rational
Drug Use'' science broadcasting programs, including the medical
knowledge of antivirals, antibiotics, traditional Chinese medicine, diet
of nutrition, precautious after discharge etc, which also make patients
get familiar with clinical pharmacist. Second, patients were given
''one-to-one'' online pharmaceutical care service through
WeChat\selectlanguage{ngerman}\textsuperscript{®}. The patients were classified according to
their medical conditions from the inpatients' questionnaire. The
clinical pharmacists provided 24-hours online pharmaceutical care in
case patients had drug related problems or negative emotions.

After 35 days' pharmaceutical care, we sifted and got 196 questions from
patients which were classified into 5 aspects, including COVID-19
related problems(29.1\%), COVID-19 medication related problems(41.8\%),
basic chronic illness related problem (12.2\%)\selectlanguage{english},life related problems at
Fangcang hospital(7.7\%)\selectlanguage{english},matters of discharge (9.2\%), shown in Table
4. These contents had been compiled into a book which be used as
guidelines for patients at other Fangcang hospitals. From this survey we
can see the demand for drug consultation by patients. The drug related
problems included inappropriate combination of drugs, unclear indication
for drugs, drug dosage, time of taking medicine, drug interaction
problems and adverse drug reactions etc. Meanwhile, many patients
concerned about the sources of infection, the way of transmission, the
control of the epidemic situation, the disease recurrence, the
possibility of mild patients to severe patients and whether they can be
cured. The patients with basic chronic diseases faced the problems with
poor disease control due to COVID-19. Most of the proposed advice or
explanations were accepted by patients after service of clinical
pharmacist.

Satisfaction of pharmaceutical care service

In order to evaluate the pharmaceutical care provided by clinical
pharmacists, we designed a questionnaire for discharged patients, and 78
patients voluntarily completed the questionnaire. According to the
survey results, shown in Table 5, 48.7\% patients communicate with the
clinical pharmacist at least once a day, 28.2 \% patients communicate
with the clinical pharmacist every 2-3 days. The pharmaceutical care
service included drug usage (65.38\%), medication reconciliation
(55.13\%), drug precautions (23.1\%), adverse drug reactions (35.9\%),
and psychological counseling (32.05\%). We also found that 59.0\%
patients had insomnia, 42.3\% patients were anxious, and 28.2\% patients
were afraid of disease, 20.5\% depressed and 10.3\% irritable. These
results indicated that our clinical pharmacists did play an important
role for pharmaceutical care in Fangcang Cabin hospitals.

Through 35 days' services, the recognition of clinical pharmacist was
greatly improved, from 25.6\% to 87.2\%, shown in Table 5. Most patients
were satisfied with clinical pharmacist service(66.7\%great,
18.0\%good), and they thought pharmaceutical care provided by clinical
pharmacist was necessary for treatment and rehabilitation at Fangcang
hospital(62.8\%great, 32.1\%good). Besides, most patients thought the
service had positive effect on their mental stress(16.7\%great,
43.6\%good, 26.9\%fair).

This study indicated that most patients need clinical pharmaceutical
care services. The online pharmaceutical care service can not only help
patients to use drugs rationally, but also relieve the patient's
negative emotions and anxiety during the COVID-19 outbreak.

\textbf{Discussion}

Clinical Pharmacists are the guardians of safety medication of the
patient's all the time. Due to the unique circumstances of Fangcang
Hospital, clinical pharmacists were recommended to preform no-contact
pharmaceutical care, which hindered the efficient and timely service for
patients. The online pharmaceutical care service is often provided in
places where clinical pharmacists unavailable\textsuperscript{15-16}. A
variety of technologies, models of care are used to develop and provide
remote services, serving diversified populations with different
pathological conditions\textsuperscript{{[}16{]}}. However, the
experiences on patients at Fangcang hospitals are rare. Recently,
implementation of pharmaceutical care for patients at Jianghan Fangcang
Hospital has been established during the COVID-19 outbreak. The goals of
pharmaceutical care services were to improve medication safety and
optimize clinical treatment outcomes and disease prognosis. This study
was a retrospective research to analyze the clinical pharmacists' roles
in the Fangcang hospital. This study showed that, many patients had
various initiate symptoms, and some had chronic diseases or mental
stress, making the treatment complicated and difficult. The drugs were
also complicated including different kinds of antivirals, antibiotics
and other agents, which often confused patients with the drug selection,
drug dose, drug interaction and adverse reactions. Obviously, reduction
in medication errors include drug interactions, adverse drug reactions
following the suggestion of clinical pharmacists at Fangcang hospital
has been shown to have a positive impact on COVID-19 patients.
Therefore, it is particularly important to provide pharmaceutical care
for patients to ensure safe and rational use of drugs.

From data of the questionnaire for 78 discharged patients, we found many
patients(48.7\%) contacted clinical pharmacists frequently at least once
a day, and only a few patients (14.0\%) contacted clinical pharmacist
once a week( the lowest frequency), which indicated that our clinical
pharmacists are in need for patients at Fangcang hospital. Through
continuous instruction of pharmacist inpatient service, patients'
concerns about medication can be alleviated. The clinical pharmacist
help patients solved almost 200 questions, which mainly focused on the
drug related problems including drug usage (65.38\%), medication
reconciliation (55.13\%), drug precautions (23.1\%), adverse drug
reactions (35.9\%), and psychological counseling (32.05\%). We also
found that 59.0\% patients had insomnia, 42.3\% patients were anxious,
and 28.2\%patients were afraid, 20.5\% depressed and 10.3\%irritable
when they stayed at Fangcang hospital.

Our study also revealed that, through continued guidance, many patients
gained a better understanding of the drug indications, drug interaction
and adverse reactions. Moreover, like previous studies report on the
introduction of clinical pharmacists services with a high satisfactory
(\textgreater{}80\%) and acceptance rate, most of patients in Fangcang
hospital were satisfied with clinical pharmaceutical care and thought
service was necessary and helpful during their COVID-19
treatment\textsuperscript{8-10}. Besides, the patients' recognition of
the pharmacist has greatly improved. All these data indicated that our
online mode of novel pharmaceutical care service for patients at
Fangcang hospital was safe, effective, and acceptable to COVID-19
patients. Some advices are also provided herein:(1)Online pharmaceutical
care service mode should be established not only to COVID-19 patients
but also to the general population as necessary; (2)Taken on heavy
responsibility of drug safety guardians, pharmaceutical servicer and
drug supplier, the clinical pharmacists in preventing the spread of
COVID-19 should be strengthened.

\textbf{Conclusion}

We performed pharmaceutical care for patients with mild or moderate
COVID-19 at Jianghan Fangcang hospital. A retrospective study was
followed to evaluate the usefulness of Clinical pharmacists at Fangcang
hospitals, which indicate that clinical pharmacist can effectively
reduce and prevent drug-related, life-related and COVID-19-related
problems for COVID-19 patients. This work may reduce the work pressure
of first line medical staffs, provide possible work patterns for
clinical pharmacist in other hospital and give more professional service
for Fangcang hospital patients.

\textbf{Acknowledgements:} The research reported in this publication was
supported by National Key R\&D Program of China 2017YFC0909900. Yu Zhang
and Yong Han contributed to the concept and design of this article,
Dongyuan Wang and Yihui Liu helped for the data analysis and wrote this
manuscript, Fang Zeng, Fang Cheng helped for the data collection. Chen
Shi helped for the revision of the article.

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\textbf{Table 1. Demographics and clinical characteristics of patients}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Characteristics}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{No. (\%) of patients (n=349)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Sex\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Female\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
201(57.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Male\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
148(42.4\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Age(years)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
45.5 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 10.6\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Clinical symptoms with COVID-19\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Fever (temperature [?]37.3\selectlanguage{ngerman}°C)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
278 (79.7\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Cough\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
211 (60.5\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Pharyngalgia, Myalgia, headache\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
200(57.3\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Shortness of breath\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
149 (42.7\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Chest distress\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
134 (38.4\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Diarrhea\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
125 (35.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nausea and vomiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
87(24.9\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Dyspnea\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
85 (24.4\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Eye symptoms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
64 (18.3\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Sneeze\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
60 (17.2\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Rhinobyon\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
49(14.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Comorbidity\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Hypertension\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
45 (12.9 \%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Hyperlipidemia\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
32 (9.2\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Thyroid disease\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
31 (8.9\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Diabetes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
25(7.2\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Heart disease\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12 (3.4\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nephropathy\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6(1.7\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Cancer\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4 (1.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Others\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
44(12.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
None\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
214 (61.3\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Table 2. Medication for COVID-19 patients (n=349)}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}}
\toprule
\textbf{Drug name} & \textbf{No. (\%) of patients
(n=349)}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
Lianhua Qingwen Granule & 324 (92.8\%)\tabularnewline
Oseltamivir & 288 (82.5\%)\tabularnewline
Arbidol & 247 (70.8\%)\tabularnewline
Ribavirin & 17 (4.9\%)\tabularnewline
Interferon & 6(1.7\%)\tabularnewline
Moxifloxacin & 255 (73.1\%)\tabularnewline
Cefdinir & 128 (36.7\%)\tabularnewline
Levofloxacin & 112 (31.1\%)\tabularnewline
Amoxicillin & 22(6.3\%)\tabularnewline
Chinese medicine & 226 (64.8\%)\tabularnewline
Cough Medicine & 31 (8.29\%)\tabularnewline
Ibuprofen & 48 (12.83\%)\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Table 3. Reported adverse drug reaction by COVID-19 patients
(n=349)}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}}
\toprule
\textbf{Symptom} & \textbf{No. (\%) of patients (n=349)}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
Nausea & 74(21.2\%)\tabularnewline
Diarrhoea & 73(20.9\%)\tabularnewline
Fatigue & 70(20.1\%)\tabularnewline
Sleeplessness & 38(10.9\%)\tabularnewline
Skin pruritus & 33(9.5\%)\tabularnewline
Vomiting & 32(9.2\%)\tabularnewline
Constipation & 13(3.7\%)\tabularnewline
Dysuria & 13(3.7\%)\tabularnewline
Others & 19(5.4\%)\tabularnewline
None & 88(25.2\%)\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Table 4. Questions collected from COVID-19 patients}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Question classification}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{No. (\%) of questions (n=196)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
COVID-19 related problems\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
57(29.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Initial symptoms, disease~progression, sequelae, relapse\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
19(9.7\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
complications\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20(10.2\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Disease detection index\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18(9.2\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
COVID-19 medication related problems\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
82(41.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Drug selection problems and drug precautions\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
35(17.9\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Adverse drug reaction\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
16(8.2\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Treatment of asymptomatic infections\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14(7.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Drug interaction problem\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11(5.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Basic chronic illness related problems\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
24(12.2\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Diabetes related problems, such as medication reconciliation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9(4.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases related problems\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10(5.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Other chronic disease related problems\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5(2.5\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Life related problems\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
15(7.7\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Diet and nutrition related problems\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4(2.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Exercise at Fangcang hospital\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2(1.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Others\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9(4.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Matters of discharge\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18(9.2\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Discharge related problems\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11(9.2\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Medications out of hospital\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3(1.5\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Table 5 Satisfaction of clinical pharmaceutical care for
patients(n=78)}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllllllllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Survey items}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Survey items}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Survey items}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Great No.(\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Great No.(\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Good No.(\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Good No.(\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Fair No.(\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Fair No.(\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Fair No.(\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Fair No.(\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Poor No.(\%)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
The knowledgement of clinical pharmacists \textbf{before} service\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
The knowledgement of clinical pharmacists \textbf{before} service\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
The knowledgement of clinical pharmacists \textbf{before} service\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.4\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.4\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.1\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.1\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14.1\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14.1\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14.1\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14.1\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
74.4\%\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
The knowledgement of clinical pharmacists \textbf{after} service\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
The knowledgement of clinical pharmacists \textbf{after} service\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
The knowledgement of clinical pharmacists \textbf{after} service\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
35.9\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
35.9\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12.8\%\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Patients' recognition\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Patients' recognition\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Patients' recognition\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
46.2\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
46.2\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.7\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.7\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.7\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.7\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.9\%\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Patients' benefit on rational drug use\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Patients' benefit on rational drug use\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Patients' benefit on rational drug use\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
38.5\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
38.5\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
52.6\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
52.6\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.0\%\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Satisfication with this service\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Satisfication with this service\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Satisfication with this service\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
66.7\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
66.7\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14.1\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14.1\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14.1\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14.1\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.3\%\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Necessary of this service\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Necessary of this service\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Necessary of this service\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
62.8\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
62.8\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
32.1\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
32.1\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.1\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.1\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.1\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.1\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Benefit on psychological help\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Benefit on psychological help\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Benefit on psychological help\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
16.7\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
16.7\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
43.6\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
43.6\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
26.9\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
26.9\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
26.9\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
26.9\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12.8\%\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Usefulness of pharmaceutical care for outcome of disease\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Usefulness of pharmaceutical care for outcome of disease\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Usefulness of pharmaceutical care for outcome of disease\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
21.8\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
21.8\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
43.6\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
43.6\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
33.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
33.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
33.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
33.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.3\%\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Frequency of service\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Frequency of service\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Once a day (48.7\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Once per 2 days (20.5\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Once per 2 days (20.5\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Once per 2 days (20.5\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Once per 3 days (7.7\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Once per 3 days (7.7\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Once per 3 days (7.7\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Once per 3 days (7.7\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Once a week (14.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Once a week (14.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Pharmaceutical care services\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Drug dosage (65.4\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Drug dosage (65.4\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Drug dosage (65.4\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Medication reconciliation (55.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Medication reconciliation (55.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Medication reconciliation (55.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Medication reconciliation (55.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Contraindications (23.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Contraindications (23.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Contraindications (23.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Contraindications (23.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Adverse drug reaction (35.9\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Adverse drug reaction (35.9\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Adverse drug reaction (35.9\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Psychological counseling (32.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Psychological counseling (32.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Psychological counseling (32.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Psychological counseling (32.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Psychological counseling (32.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Others (21.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Others (21.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Others (21.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

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