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\begin{document}

\title{Making sense of virus size and the tradeoffs shaping viral fitness}



\author[1]{Kyle Edwards}%
\author[1]{Grieg Steward}%
\author[1]{Christopher Schvarcz}%
\affil[1]{University of Hawai'i at Manoa}%


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  \date{June 14, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Viruses span an impressive size range, with genome length varying a
thousandfold and virion volume nearly a millionfold. For cellular
organisms the scaling of traits with size is a pervasive influence on
ecological processes, but whether size plays a central role in viral
ecology is unknown. Here we focus on viruses of aquatic unicellular
organisms, which exhibit the greatest known range of virus size. We
develop and synthesize theory, and analyze data where available, to
consider how size affects the primary components of viral fitness. We
argue that larger viruses have fewer offspring per infection and slower
contact rates with host cells, but a larger genome tends to increase
infection efficiency, broaden host range, and potentially increase
attachment success and decrease decay rate. These countervailing
selective pressures may explain why a breadth of sizes exist and even
coexist when infecting the same host populations. Oligotrophic
ecosystems may be enriched in ``giant'' viruses, because environments
with resource-limited phagotrophs at low concentrations may select for
broader host range, better control of host metabolism, lower decay rate,
and a physical size that mimics bacterial prey. Finally, we describe
where further research is needed to understand the ecology and evolution
of viral size diversity.%
\end{abstract}%



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