References
Aronson, E. L., and S. G. McNulty. 2009. Appropriate experimental ecosystem warming methods by ecosystem, objective, and practicality. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 149 :1791-1799.
Bai, W., J. Xia, S. Wan, W. Zhang, and L. Li. 2012. Day and night warming have different effect on root lifespan. Biogeosciences9 :375-384.
Barton, B. T., A. P. Beckerman, and O. J. Schmitz. 2009. Climate warming strengthens indirect interactions in an old‐field food web. Ecology90 :2346-2351.
Barton, B. T., and A. R. Ives. 2014. Direct and indirect effects of warming on aphids, their predators, and ant mutualists. Ecology95 :1479-1484.
Barton, B. T., and O. J. Schmitz. 2018. Opposite effects of daytime and nighttime warming on top‐down control of plant diversity. Ecology99 :13-20.
Cardinale, B. J., C. T. Harvey, K. Gross, and A. R. Ives. 2003. Biodiversity and biocontrol: emergent impacts of a multi‐enemy assemblage on pest suppression and crop yield in an agroecosystem. Ecology Letters 6 :857-865.
Chamberlain, S. A., J. L. Bronstein, and J. A. Rudgers. 2014. How context dependent are species interactions? Ecology Letters17 :881-890.
Davy, R., I. Esau, A. Chernokulsky, S. Outten, and S. Zilitinkevich. 2017. Diurnal asymmetry to the observed global warming. International Journal of Climatology 37 :79-93.
De Boeck, H. J., S. Vicca, J. Roy, I. Nijs, A. Milcu, J. Kreyling, A. Jentsch, A. Chabbi, M. Campioli, and T. Callaghan. 2015. Global change experiments: challenges and opportunities. Bioscience65 :922-931.
Easterling, D. R., B. Horton, P. D. Jones, T. C. Peterson, T. R. Karl, D. E. Parker, M. J. Salinger, V. Razuvayev, N. Plummer, and P. Jamason. 1997. Maximum and minimum temperature trends for the globe. Science277 :364-367.
Fan, Y., M. Tian, Q. Jing, Z. Tian, H. Han, D. Jiang, W. Cao, and T. Dai. 2015. Winter night warming improves pre-anthesis crop growth and post-anthesis photosynthesis involved in grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Field Crops Research 178 :100-108.
Flynn, D. F., E. A. Sudderth, and F. Bazzaz. 2006. Effects of aphid herbivory on biomass and leaf-level physiology of Solanum dulcamara under elevated temperature and CO2. Environmental and Experimental Botany 56 :10-18.
Fu, Y. H., Y. Liu, H. J. De Boeck, A. Menzel, I. Nijs, M. Peaucelle, J. Peñuelas, S. Piao, and I. A. Janssens. 2016. Three times greater weight of daytime than of night‐time temperature on leaf unfolding phenology in temperate trees. New Phytologist 212 :590-597.
García, G. A., M. F. Dreccer, D. J. Miralles, and R. A. Serrago. 2015. High night temperatures during grain number determination reduce wheat and barley grain yield: a field study. Global Change Biology21 :4153-4164.
Gaston, K. J. 2019. Nighttime Ecology: The “Nocturnal Problem” Revisited. The American Naturalist 193 :000-000.
Harmon, J. P., J. E. Losey, and A. Ives. 1998. The role of vision and color in the close proximity foraging behavior of four coccinellid species. Oecologia 115 :287-292.
Harmon, J. P., N. A. Moran, and A. R. Ives. 2009. Species response to environmental change: impacts of food web interactions and evolution. Science 323 :1347-1350.
Higashi, C.H.V., B.T. Barton, and K.M. Oliver. 2020. Warmer nights offer no respite for a defensive mutualism. Journal of Animal Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13238
Koch, R. 2003. The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis: a review of its biology, uses in biological control, and non-target impacts. Journal of Insect Science 3 .
Leemans, R., and B. Eickhout. 2004. Another reason for concern: regional and global impacts on ecosystems for different levels of climate change. Global environmental change 14 :219-228.
Lin, D., J. Xia, and S. Wan. 2010. Climate warming and biomass accumulation of terrestrial plants: a meta‐analysis. New Phytologist188 :187-198.
Loka, D. A., and D. M. Oosterhuis. 2015. Effects of high night temperatures on cotton leaf gas exchange and ATP levels at flowering. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 8 :99-106.
MacKay, P. A., R. J. Lamb, and M. A. Smith. 1993. Variability in life history traits of the aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), from sexual and asexual populations. Oecologia 94 :330-338.
Meserve, P. L., D. A. Kelt, W. B. Milstead, and J. R. Gutiérrez. 2003. Thirteen years of shifting top-down and bottom-up control. Bioscience53 :633-646.
Miller, C. R., B. T. Barton, L. Zhu, V. C. Radeloff, K. M. Oliver, J. P. Harmon, and A. R. Ives. 2017. Combined effects of night warming and light pollution on predator–prey interactions. Proc. R. Soc. B284 :20171195.
Murrell, E.G. and B.T. Barton. 2017. Warming alters prey density and biological control in conventional and organic agricultural systems. Integrative and comparative biology. 57:1-13.
Noemi Mazia, C., T. Kitzberger, and E. J. Chaneton. 2004. Interannual changes in folivory and bird insectivory along a natural productivity gradient in northern Patagonian forests. Ecography 27 :29-40.
Pace, M.L., J.J. Cole, S.R. Carpenter, J.F. Kitchell. 1999. Trophic cascades revealed in diverse ecosystems. Trends in ecology & evolution 14: 483-488.
Peng, S., J. Huang, J. E. Sheehy, R. C. Laza, R. M. Visperas, X. Zhong, G. S. Centeno, G. S. Khush, and K. G. Cassman. 2004. Rice yields decline with higher night temperature from global warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 :9971-9975.
R Core Team. 2016. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
Ripple, W.J., J.A. Estes, O.J. Schmitz, V. Constant, M.J. Kaylor, A. Lenz, J.L. Motley, K.E. Self, D.S. Taylor and C. Wolf. 2016. What is a trophic cascade?. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 31:842-849.
Ripple, W. J., and B. Van Valkenburgh. 2010. Linking top-down forces to the Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions. Bioscience 60 :516-526.
Rosenblatt, A. E., and O. J. Schmitz. 2014. Interactive effects of multiple climate change variables on trophic interactions: a meta-analysis. Climate Change Responses 1 :8.
Rossi, S., and N. Isabel. 2017. Bud break responds more strongly to daytime than night‐time temperature under asymmetric experimental warming. Global Change Biology 23 :446-454.
Ryalls, J. M. W., M. Riegler, B. D. Moore, G. Lopaticki, and S. N. J. Johnson. 2013. Effects of elevated temperature and CO2 on aboveground-belowground systems: a case study with plants, their mutualistic bacteria and root/shoot herbivores. Frontiers in plant science 4 :445.
Schwarz, T., and T. Frank. 2019. Aphid feeding by lady beetles: higher consumption at higher temperature. BioControl 64 :323-332.
Shurin, J. B., E. T. Borer, E. W. Seabloom, K. Anderson, C. A. Blanchette, B. Broitman, S. D. Cooper, and B. S. Halpern. 2002. A cross‐ecosystem comparison of the strength of trophic cascades. Ecology Letters 5 :785-791.
Speights, C. J., and B. T. Barton. 2019. Timing is everything: Effects of day and night warming on predator functional traits. Food Webs21 :e00130.
Speights, C. J., J. P. Harmon, and B. T. Barton. 2017. Contrasting the potential effects of daytime versus nighttime warming on insects. Current Opinion in Insect Science.
Voigt, W., J. Perner, A. J. Davis, T. Eggers, J. Schumacher, R. Bährmann, B. Fabian, W. Heinrich, G. Köhler, and D. Lichter. 2003. Trophic levels are differentially sensitive to climate. Ecology84 :2444-2453.
Wootton, J. T. 1994. The nature and consequences of indirect effects in ecological communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics25 :443-466.
Table 1. Daily temperature ranges (°C) for each of the four temperature regimes.