Methods
Sixty-two participants who had undergone RF catheter ablation (RFA) for paroxysmal AF (PAF) using HPSD-PVI strategy from October 2018 to June 2019 were evaluated. They were subjected to circumferential PVI without any substrate modifications. 3-D cardiac computed tomography (CT) with or without contrast agent and transthoracic echocardiography were performed before the procedure. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed for patients with a high CHADS2 score (≥2 points) to rule out thrombus in the left atrium. All antiarrhythmic drugs were stopped for at least five half-lives before the procedure. The study was approved by our institutional review board (Tokyo Women’s Medical University) and was performed according to the institutional guidelines. All patients provided written informed consent.