References
1. Mayorga C, Fernandez TD, Montanez MI, Moreno E, Torres MJ. Recent developments and highlights in drug hypersensitivity. Allergy 2019;74 (12):2368-2381.
2. Romano A, Atanaskovic-Markovic M, Barbaud A, Bircher AJ, Brockow K, Caubet JC, et al. Towards a more precise diagnosis of hypersensitivity to beta-lactams - an EAACI position paper. Allergy 2020;75 (6):1300-1315.
3. Pichler WJ. Immune pathomechanism and classification of drug hypersensitivity. Allergy2019;74 (8):1457-1471.
4. Bilo MB, Corsi A, Martini M, Penza E, Grippo F, Bignardi D. Fatal anaphylaxis in Italy: Analysis of cause-of-death national data, 2004-2016. Allergy 2020.
5. Pedruzzi E, Chasset F, Duroux-Richard I, Bocarra D, Apparailly F, Nourikyan J, et al. Dysregulation of microRNA expression in the skin during cutaneous adverse drug reactions. Allergy 2020.
6. Fuhrmann S, Tesch F, Romanos M, Abraham S, Schmitt J. ADHD in school-age children is related to infant exposure to systemic H1-antihistamines. Allergy 2020.
7. Goh SJR, Tuomisto JEE, Purcell AW, Mifsud NA, Illing PT. The complexity of T cell-mediated penicillin hypersensitivity reactions. Allergy 2020.
8. Ariza A, Fernandez-Santamaria R, Meng X, Salas M, Ogese MO, Tailor A, et al. Characterization of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid specific T-cell clones from patients with immediate drug hypersensitivity. Allergy 2020.
9. Copaescu A, Rose M, Mouhtouris E, Chua KY, Holmes NE, Phillips EJ, et al. Delayed hypersensitivity associated with amoxicillin-clavulanate. Allergy 2020.
10. Vilchez-Sanchez F, Loli-Ausejo D, Rodriguez-Mariblanca A, Montserrat-Villatoro J, Ramirez E, Dominguez-Ortega J, et al. Lymphocyte transformation test can be useful for the diagnosis of delayed adverse reactions to sulfonamides.Allergy 2020.
11. Yang BC, Castells M. Diagnosis and treatment of drug hypersensitivity reactions to biologicals: Medical algorithm. Allergy 2020.
12. Tuzer C, Sari M, Aktas Cetin E, Ak N, Buyukozturk S, Colakoglu B, et al. Rapid drug desensitization for platinum-based chemotherapy drugs significantly increases peripheral blood IL-10 levels. Allergy 2020.
13. Gelincik A, Brockow K, Celik GE, Dona I, Mayorga C, Romano A, et al. Diagnosis and management of the drug hypersensitivity reactions in Coronavirus disease 19. Allergy2020.
Figure 1.- Different mechanisms of hypersensitivity reactions induced by drugs. Drugs or their metabolites interact with the antigen-presenting cells (APC), dendritic cells (DC) that depending on the maturational or activation status will present the drug to T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes inducing immediate, delayed or tolerant drug-specific immune responses.