Laboratory testing
All samples were transported to the Disease Investigation Centre (DIC)
Wates laboratory and testing was carried out using real-time (RT) PCR to
detect Influenza A viruses using primers and probes that had been
validated previously (H Wibawa et al., 2017). Positive results were
subsequently tested using specific primers and probes for the H5
sub-type (Heine et al., 2007), as well as the H9 sub-type. The latter,
which represents LPAI viruses, was performed to investigate
co-circulation of different AIV.