Patient Characteristics and Presentation
This study included 604 patients presenting with cardiogenic shock,
representing 4% of patients undergoing conventional cardiac surgery
within the study period. Median age was 64 years (IQR 55 to 72 years),
and patients were predominantly male (63.6%) and of white race
(86.9%). 48.3% and 33.1% of patients had history of previous
myocardial infarction (MI) and previous cardiac intervention,
respectively. The most common presentation at time of cardiogenic shock
was Non-ST elevation MI (20.4%). Baseline characteristics and
comorbidities are shown in Table 1 .
Prior to cardiac surgical intervention, 214 (35.4%) of patients were
supported with intravenous inotropes. 202 (33.4%) of patients were
supported preoperatively with an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), 20
(3.31%) with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA
ECMO), and 3 (0.5%) with an Impella (Abiomed, Danvers, MA, USA) device.
A total of 67 (11.1%) patients had received cardiopulmonary
resuscitation prior to surgical intervention (Table 1 ).