Patient Characteristics and Presentation
This study included 604 patients presenting with cardiogenic shock, representing 4% of patients undergoing conventional cardiac surgery within the study period. Median age was 64 years (IQR 55 to 72 years), and patients were predominantly male (63.6%) and of white race (86.9%). 48.3% and 33.1% of patients had history of previous myocardial infarction (MI) and previous cardiac intervention, respectively. The most common presentation at time of cardiogenic shock was Non-ST elevation MI (20.4%). Baseline characteristics and comorbidities are shown in Table 1 .
Prior to cardiac surgical intervention, 214 (35.4%) of patients were supported with intravenous inotropes. 202 (33.4%) of patients were supported preoperatively with an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), 20 (3.31%) with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO), and 3 (0.5%) with an Impella (Abiomed, Danvers, MA, USA) device. A total of 67 (11.1%) patients had received cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to surgical intervention (Table 1 ).