1687 Classical mechanics: the three laws of motion were first compiled by Isaac Newton in his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
1838 Liouville theorem and equation of classical dynamics:  J. Liouville, Journal de Math., 3, 342 (1838)
1838 Navier Stokes equation: C.L. Navier, Résumé des Leçons Données à l’École des Ponts et Chaussées sur l’Application de la Mécanique à l’Établissement des Constructions et des Machines (Chez Carilian-Goeury, Paris, 1838).
1865 Maxwell’s equations of electrodynamics: James Clerk Maxwell, A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 155, 459–512 (1865).
1870 Boltzmann equation: L. Boltzmann, Weitere Studien über das Wärmegleichgewicht unter Gasmolekülen. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften 66 (1872): 275-370.
1880 Navier Stokes equation: G.G. Stokes, On the Theories of the Internal Friction of Fluids in Motion, and the Equilibrium and Motion of Elastic Solids. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1880), pp. 75-129.
1908 Langevin equation: Langevin, P. (1908). Sur la théorie du mouvement brownien [On the Theory of Brownian Motion]. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris. 146: 530–533.
1926 Schrödinger equation: Schrödinger, E. (1926). ”An Undulatory Theory of the Mechanics of Atoms and Molecules” (PDF). Physical Review. 28 (6): 1049–1070. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.28.1049.
1930 Hartree-Fock method: Slater, J. C. (1930). Note on Hartree’s Method. Phys. Rev. 35 (2): 210. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.35.210.2; Fock, V. A. (1930). ”Näherungsmethode zur Lösung des quantenmechanischen Mehrkörperproblems”. Z. Phys.
1931 Markov process: Kolmogorov, Andrei (1931). Über die analytischen Methoden in der Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie [On Analytical Methods in the Theory of Probability]. Mathematische Annalen (in German). 104 (1): 415–458 [pp. 448–451]. doi:10.1007/BF01457949.
1931 Linear response theory and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem: Onsager’s Linear Response Theory: L. Onsager, Phys. Rev.37, 405 (1931); 38, 2265 (1931)).
1954 Green-Kubo relations: Green, Melville S. (1954). Markoff Random Processes and the Statistical Mechanics of Time‐Dependent Phenomena. II. Irreversible Processes in Fluids. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 22 (3): 398-413. doi: 10.1063/1.1740082. Kubo, Ryogo (1957-06-15). Statistical-Mechanical Theory of Irreversible Processes. I. General Theory and Simple Applications to Magnetic and Conduction Problems. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 12 (6): 570-586. doi:10.1143/jpsj.12.570.
1964 Density functional theory: Hohenberg, Pierre; Walter, Kohn (1964). Inhomogeneous electron gas. Phys. Review. 136 (3B): B864–B871. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.136.B864.
1881 Master Equation: van Kampen, N. G. (1981). Stochastic processes in physics and chemistry. North Holland. ISBN 978-0-444-52965-7.
1997 Fluctuation theorems: Jarzynski, C. (1997), Nonequilibrium equality for free energy differences, Phys. Rev. Lett., 78: 2690,  doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2690