5.3 Minimal coupling methods
Minimal coupling methods minimize explicit and concurrent communication across scales via a variety of clever algorithmic or software architecture tricks and represent a power repertoire of multiscale methods. There are numerous techniques in this popular category, and we chose not to delve into any of them in detail. A few of the methods in these categories are listed along with their references in Table 5 under Sequential multiscale methods and Adaptive resolution methods. Sequential methods involve computing a property or a constitutive relationship at one (typically the molecular) scale and employing (either pre- or on-the-fly-) computed values in the other (typically the continuum scale) [65,70,71].