Cell cycle phase Mechanism Example drugs References
β, Target Cell [Infection] Rate at which circulating virions convert healthy epithelial cells to “eclipse” (non-productive or pre-productive) phase infected cells.
Attachment phase
Camostat and nafamostat to TMPRSS2 Chloroquine to ACE2
26-28
Endosomal acidification Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, niclosamide 26, 29, 30
Cytoplasmatic assembly Leflunomide 31
cleavage of viral spike protein by cathepsin L Teicoplanin 32
δ, Productive Cell [Death] Rate at which productively infected cells die.
Programmed cell death, apoptosis, stress response
Interferon azithromycin
33-35
Apoptosis protease inhibitors, ribavirin 36, 37
p, Virion [Release] Rate at which productively infected cells produce new virions
Unknown
combination treatment (interferons and protease inhibitors) azithromycin
38, 39
viral proteolysis lopinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, darunavir, bocepravir, ribavirin 40, 41
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase remdesivir, favipiravir 41, 42
Nonspecific
ivermectin, cyclosporin, nitazoxanide azithromycin
39, 43-45
c, Virion [Kill] Unknown Antibodies, convalescent plasma, RGN-COV2 46