2.6 CCK-8 assay
VSMCs were cultivated in 96-well plates, with 4×103cells in each well, and 5 duplicate wells were designed for each group. A 10-μL amount of CCK-8 solution (Wanleibio, China) was added after 24 h and incubated for 1 h under 5% CO2 at 37℃. A microplate reader (BioTek, USA) was used to detect optical density (OD) values at 450 nm, which represents cell proliferation.