Figure 2 Layout of thermocouples A; thermocouples installed B; distortion of the welding joint measured by means CMM C.
An arc efficiency, η, of 0.82 for SMAW45 has been considered; therefore, the heat input per mm of weld length,Q , can be calculated using the equation (1);
Q = ηVI/v (1)
where η is arc efficiency; V, the voltage; I, the current and v, the welding speed. The values of Q are also reported in Table 3.
Table 3 Welding parameters.