Conclusions
We assembled the chromosome-level genome for the PFM using PacBio
long-read and Hi-C technology. This is the first assembled genome for
the superfamily Copromorphoidea. This novel genomic resource allowed us
to explore possible genes in PFM associated with adaptation to
environmental factors. We identified five core genes relating to
circadian rhythm in PFM and annotated models for each gene. Using the
genome as a reference, we identified DEGs related to diapause of OFM
which may point to candidate genes. Given the expression of long-day and
short-day diapause by PFM, this moth species will be a useful model to
further investigate adaptive shifts involving diapause, particularly by
combining genomic information with intraspecific comparisons across
geographic gradients (Ragland, Armbruster, & Meuti, 2019). The
assembled genome provides a resource for further comparative studies of
moths and butterflies particularly with respect to life cycle evolution
and parallel evolution in detoxification functions.