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\begin{document}

\title{Stable Water Isotope Inputs Across Mountain Landscapes}



\author[1]{Rosemary W.H. Carroll}%
\author[2]{Jeffrey S Deems}%
\author[3]{Reed M. Maxwell}%
\author[4]{Matthias Sprenger}%
\author[5]{Wendy S Brown}%
\author[5]{Alexander Newman}%
\author[5]{Curtis Beutler}%
\author[6]{Markus Bill}%
\author[7]{Susan S. Hubbard}%
\author[7]{Kenneth Hurst Williams}%
\affil[1]{Desert Research Institute}%
\affil[2]{University of Colorado Boulder}%
\affil[3]{Princeton University}%
\affil[4]{NCSU}%
\affil[5]{Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory}%
\affil[6]{Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory}%
\affil[7]{Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (DOE)}%


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  \date{June 17, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Stable isotopes of water are important tracers in hydrologic research
for understanding water partitioning between vegetation, groundwater,
and runoff, but are rarely applied to large watersheds with persistent
snowpack and complex topography. We combined an extensive isotope
dataset with a coupled hydrologic and snow isotope fractionation model
to assess mechanisms of isotopic inputs into the soil zone and
implications on recharge dynamics within a large, snow-dominated
watershed of the Upper Colorado River Basin. Results indicate seasonal
isotopic variability and isotope lapse rates of net precipitation are
the dominant control on isotopic inputs to the basin. Snowpack
fractionation processes account for \textless{}5\% annual isotope influx
variability. Isotopic fractionation processes are most important in the
shrub-dominated upper montane. Effects of isotopic fractionation are
less important in the low-density conifer forests of the upper subalpine
due to vegetative shading, low aridity, and a deep, persistent snowpack
that buffers small sublimation losses. Melt fractionation can have
sub-seasonal effects on snowmelt isotope ratios with initial snowmelt
depleted but later snowmelt relatively enriched in heavy isotopes
through the isotopic mass balance of the remaining snowpack, with the
efficiency of isotopic exchange between ice and liquid water declining
as snow ablation progresses. Hydrologic analysis indicates maximum
recharge in the upper subalpine with wet years producing more
isotopically depleted snowmelt (1-2%0 reduction in
d\textsuperscript{18}O) through reduced aridity when energy-limited. The
five-year volume-weighted d\textsuperscript{18}O in this zone
(18.2\selectlanguage{ngerman}±0.4\selectlanguage{english}%0) matches groundwater observations from multiple deep wells,
providing evidence that the upper subalpine is a preferential recharge
zone in mountain systems.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`essoar.10507500.1.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/363284/articles/598196-stable-water-isotope-inputs-across-mountain-landscapes}

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`carroll_etal_isotopes_2021_si.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/363284/articles/598196-stable-water-isotope-inputs-across-mountain-landscapes}\selectlanguage{english}
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