1. Opioid ascertainment Data source for ascertainment (e.g., dispensing, prescribing data) Opioid formulations and dosages included in the analysis and how they were identified in the dataset (e.g., identified using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical code N02A, excluding parenteral formulations) 2. Patient population Incident or prevalent population; if opioid naïve, explicitly state decision rules (e.g., included only opioid naïve patients, defined as no use of opioids in the year prior to the index date) Denominator used in the analysis (e.g., people using opioids, people enrolled in the healthcare, disease-specific population, general population) 3. Long-term exposure definition Prescribed daily dose (e.g., derived from instructions for use in the prescription, using Defined Daily Doses, using Oral Morphine Equivalents) Minimum treatment duration; if any, explicitly state how it was estimated (e.g., ≥ 90 days of opioid use, estimated using cumulative supply days) Define any other criteria used; if any, explicitly state how it was estimated [e.g., a minimum number of fills (≥ 3 fills within one year), continuous use (gaps between fills ≤ 30 days), opioid dose (cumulative ≥ 180 DDD within one year)] Overlapping prescriptions of opioids (e.g., carried forward, considered as concurrent use) Define the observation period (e.g., difference between the first and the last refill date) 4. Rationale for long-term opioid use Explicitly state the rationale for the definition used (e.g., based on clinical judgment, empirical data, or similar work)