Figure 3 | (a) Relationship between scaled citation mass (\(A_{\mathrm{\text{rel}}}^{{}^{\prime}}\)) and loge years publishing (t) for 480 researchers in eight different disciplines (ARC = archaeology, CHM = chemistry, ECO = ecology, EVO = evolution and development, GEO = geology, MIC = microbiology, OPH = ophthalmology, PAL = palaeontology) comprising 60 researchers each (30 female, 30 male). (b) Relationship between the residual of \(A_{\mathrm{\text{rel}}}^{{}^{\prime}}\)~ loge t (ε′) and the m-quotient for the same researchers (pink shaded area is the 95% confidence envelope of a heat-capacity relationship of the form: y = a + bx + c /x 2, where a = -0.17104 – -0.0875; b = 0.0880 – 0.1318, and c = -0.0423 – -0.0226). (c ) Truncated violin plots of ε′ by gender and career stage (ECR = early career researcher, MCR = mid-career researcher, LCR = late-career researcher). When ε′ < 0, the researcher’s citation rank is below expectation relative to her peers in the sample; when ε′ > 0, the citation rank is greater than expected relative to her peers in the sample (dashed lines = quartiles; solid lines = medians). (d ) Truncated violin plot of the m-quotient by gender and career stage.