Figure 5 | (a) Bootstrapped (10,000 iterations) median ranks among the eight disciplines examined (ARC = archaeology, CHM = chemistry, ECO = ecology, EVO = evolution and development, GEO = geology, MIC = microbiology, OPH = ophthalmology, PAL = palaeontology) based on the scaled residuals (ε′). (b) Bootstrapped ε′ ranks by gender and career stage (ECR = early career researcher, MCR = mid-career researcher, LCR = late-career researcher). (c) Bootstrapped (10,000 iterations) median ranks among the eight disciplines based on the m-quotient. (d) Bootstrapped m-quotient ranks by gender and career stage. The vertical dashed line in all panels indicates the midway point across the entire sample (480 ÷ 2 = 240).