REFERENCES
  1. Committee on Fetus and Newborn, American Academy of Pediatrics. Respiratory support in preterm infants at birth. Pediatrics . 2014; 133(1):171-174.
  2. Courtney SE, Barrington KJ. Continuous positive airway pressure and noninvasive ventilation. Clin Perinatol . 2007;34:73–92.
  3. Bozzetti V, De Angelis C, Tagliabue PE. Nutritional approach to preterm infants on noninvasive ventilation: An update.Nutrition . 2017;37:14-17. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.12.010.
  4. Jaile JC, Levin T, Wung JT, Abramson SJ, Ruzal-Shapiro C, Berdon WE. Benign gaseous distension of the bowel in premature infants treated with nasal continuous airway pressure: a study of contributing factors. AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1992;158:125–127.
  5. Gounaris A, Costalos C, Varchalama L, Kokori P, Kolovou E, Alexiou N. Gastric emptying in very-low-birth-weight infants treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. J Pediatr.2004;145(4):508–510.
  6. Cobb BA, Carlo WA, Ambalavanan N. Gastric residuals and their relationship to necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics . 2004;113(1 Pt 1):50‐53. doi:10.1542/peds.113.1.50.
  7. Bertino E, Giuliani F, Prandi G, Coscia A, Martano C, Fabris C. Necrotizing enterocolitis: risk factor analysis and role of gastric residuals in very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr . 2009;48(4):437‐442. doi:10.1097/mpg.0b013e31817b6dbe.
  8. Newell S, Chapman S, Booth I. Ultrasonic assessment of gastric emptying in the preterm infant. Arch Dis Child . 1993;69:32-6.
  9. Perrella SL, Hepworth AR, Simmer KN, et al. Validation of ultrasound methods to monitor gastric volume changes in preterm infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr . 2013;57:741-9.
  10. Perrella SL, Hepworth AR, Simmer KN, et al. Repeatability of gastric volume measurements and intragastric content using ultrasound in preterm infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr . 2014;59(2):254-63.
  11. Wu J, Wang Y, Zhao A, Wang Z. Lung Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Ultrasound Quarterly: June 2020 - Volume 36 - Issue 2 - p 102-110 doi: 10.1097/RUQ.0000000000000490.
  12. Brat R, Yousef N, Klifa R, Reynaud S, Aguilera SS, De Luca D. Lung ultrasonography score to evaluate oxygenation and surfactant need in neonates treated with continuous positive airway pressure. JAMA Pediatr . 2015;169(8):e151797.
  13. Fischer HS, Bührer C. Avoiding endotracheal ventilation to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics . 2013;132(5):e1351‐e1360.
  14. Han VK, Beverley DW, Clarson C, et al. Randomized controlled trial of very early continuous distending pressure in the management of preterm infants. Early Hum Dev . 1987;15(1):21‐32. doi:10.1016/0378-3782(87)90097-1.
  15. Gupta S, Sinha SK, Tin W, Donn SM. A randomized controlled trial of post extubation bubble CPAP or infant flow driver CPAP in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr . 2009;154:645–50.
  16. Garland JS, Nelson DB, Rice T, Neu J. Increased risk of gastrointestinal perforations in neonates mechanically ventilated with either face mask or nasal prongs. Pediatrics . 1985;76:406–10.
  17. Gelfand MJ, Wagner GG. Gastric emptying in infants and children: limited utility of 1-hour measurement. Radiology . 1991;178(2):379‐381.
  18. Seibert JJ, Byrne WJ, Euler AR. Gastric emptying in children: unusual patterns detected by scintigraphy. AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1983;141(1):49‐51. doi:10.2214/ajr.141.1.49.
  19. Kwatra NS, Shalaby-Rana E, Andrich MP, et al. Gastric emptying of milk in infants and children up to 5 years of age: normative data and influencing factors. Pediatr Radiol . 2020;50(5):689‐697. doi:10.1007/s00247-020-04614-3.
  20. Ewer AK, Durbin GM, Morgan ME, Booth IW. Gastric emptying in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1994;71(1):F24-7.
  21. Lorenzo CD, Piepsz A, Ham H, Cadranel S. Gastric Emptying With Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux. Arch Dis Child . 1987;62(5):449-53.
  22. Gomes H, Hornoy P, Liehn JC. Ultrasonography and gastric emptying in children: validation of a sonographic method and determination of physiological and pathological patterns. Pediatr Radiol . 2003;33(8):522‐529. doi:10.1007/s00247-003-0954-1.
  23. Holt S, Cervantes J, Wilkinson AA, Wallace JH. Measurement of Gastric Emptying Rate in Humans by Real-Time Ultrasound.Gastroenterology . 1986;90(4):918‐923.
  24. Bonner JJ, Vajjah P, Abduljalil K, et al. Does age affect gastric emptying time? A model-based meta-analysis of data from premature neonates through to adults. Biopharm Drug Dispos . 2015;36(4):245‐257.
  25. Gonzales I, Duryea EJ, Vasquez E, Geraghty N. Effect of enteral feeding temperature on feeding tolerance in preterm infants.Neonatal Netw . 1995;14(3):39‐43.
  26. Geraldo V, Pyati S, Joseph T. et al. Gastric Residual (GR): Reliability of the Measurement. 888. Pediatr Res.1997;41:p.150A.
  27. Parker L, Torrazza RM, Li Y, Talaga E, Shuster J, Neu J. Aspiration and evaluation of gastric residuals in the neonatal intensive care unit: state of the science. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs . 2015;29(1):51‐E2.
  28. Li YF, Lin HC, Torrazza RM, Parker L, Talaga E, Neu J. Gastric residual evaluation in preterm neonates: a useful monitoring technique or a hindrance? Pediatr Neonatol . 2014;55(5):335‐340.
  29. Minami H, McCallum RW. The physiology and pathophysiology of gastric emptying in humans. Gastroenterology . 1984;86(6):1592‐1610.
  30. Strunz UT, Grossman MI. Effect of intragastric pressure on gastric emptying and secretion. Am J Physiol . 1978;235(5):E552‐E555. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1978.235.5.E552.
  31. Leiper JB. Fate of ingested fluids: factors affecting gastric emptying and intestinal absorption of beverages in humans. Nutr Rev . 2015;73 Suppl 2:57‐72. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv032.
  32. Noakes TD, Rehrer NJ, Maughan RJ. The importance of volume in regulating gastric emptying. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1991;23(3):307‐313.