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\begin{document}

\title{Interaction between the dietary indices (DQI, DPI, HEI) and PPAR-\selectlanguage{greek}γ \selectlanguage{english}gene
variants on cardiovascular risk factors in a patient with type 2
diabetes mellitus\selectlanguage{english}}



\author[1]{Faezeh Abaj}%
\author[1]{Gity Sotoudeh}%
\author[1]{Elmira Karimi}%
\author[2]{Masoumeh Rafiee}%
\author[1]{Fariba Koohdani}%
\affil[1]{Tehran University of Medical Sciences}%
\affil[2]{Isfahan University of Medical Sciences}%


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  \date{June 17, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Background: We investigated the interaction between PPAR-\selectlanguage{greek}γ \selectlanguage{english}Pro12Ala
polymorphism and Healthy Eating Index (HEI), Dietary Quality
Index-International (DQI-I) and Dietary Phytochemical Index (DPI) on
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) risk factors in patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This cross-sectional study was
conducted on 393 diabetic patients. PPAR-\selectlanguage{greek}γ \selectlanguage{english}Pro12Ala was genotyped by
PCR-RFLP method. Biochemical markers including total cholesterol (TC),
low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL),
triglyceride (TG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), C-reactive protein (CRP),
total antioxidant capacity (TAC), pentraxin-3 (PTX3), isoprostaneF2\selectlanguage{greek}α
\selectlanguage{english}(PGF2\selectlanguage{greek}α\selectlanguage{english}) were measured by standard protocol. FFQ was used for dietary
indices (DQI, DPI, HEI) calculation. Results: There was no significant
relationship between PPAR-\selectlanguage{greek}γ \selectlanguage{english}Pro12Ala polymorphism and CVD risk factors.
The rs1801282-DQI interactions were significant on WC (P= 0.01). Thus,
C-allele carriers in the higher tertile of DQI had higher WC compared to
GG homozygous. Further, an interaction was observed between PPAR
rs1801282 polymorphism and DQI on serum IL-18 level (P = 0.03). Besides,
a significant rs1801282-DPI interaction was shown on HDL concentration
(P Interaction= 0.04), G allele carriers who were in the highest tertile
of DPI, had lower HDL. Moreover, there were significant rs1801282-HEI
interactions on ghrelin (P= 0.04) in the crude model and serum leptin (P
= 0.02) in the adjusted model. Individuals with (CC, CG) genotypes in
the higher tertile of HEI, had lower leptin and ghrelin concentration.
Conclusions: Higher dietary indices (DQI, DPI, HEI) may affect the
relationship between PPAR-\selectlanguage{greek}γ \selectlanguage{english}Pro12Ala polymorphism and waist
circumference and ghrelin, leptin, HDL-c, IL-18 concentration in
patients with T2DM. To date, studies on this polymorphism have been
shown that this gene can interact with diabetes and different
nutritional factors. For the first time, this study provides information
on the interaction of dietary indices (DQI, DPI, HEI) and PPAR-\selectlanguage{greek}γ \selectlanguage{english}gene
which is functionally effective in nutrient metabolism.%
\end{abstract}%



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