Exclusion criteria
Patients with any potential contraindications to pulmonary function testing (recent myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, cerebral aneurysm, active hemoptysis, pneumothorax, nausea/vomiting, recent thoracic, abdominal, or ocular surgery) were excluded before conducting the tests. In addition, patients who developed acute respiratory distress or macrophage activation syndrome associated with secondary bacterial infections during the 7-day follow-up were also excluded.