REFERENCES
  1. Heron M. Deaths: leading causes for 2015. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2017;66(5): 1–76.
  2. Lanks CW, Musani AI, Hsia DW. Community-acquired Pneumonia and Hospital acquired Pneumonia.Med Clin North Am. 2019; 103(3): 487-501.
  3. Said MA, Johnson HL, Nonyane BA, Deloria-Knoll M, O’Brien KL, et al. AGEDD Adult Pneumococcal Burden Study Team. Estimating the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic techniques. PLoS One 2013; 8(4): e60273.
  4. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44(Suppl 2): S27–72.
  5. Quan TP, Fawcett NJ, Wrightson JM, Finney J, Wyllie D, Jeffery K, et al. Infections in Oxfordshire Research Database (IORD). Increasing burden of community-acquired pneumonia leading to hospitalisation, 1998-2014.Thorax 446 2016; 71: 535-42.
  6. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44 Suppl 2: S27-72.
  7. Kocsis B, Domokos J, Szabo D. Chemical structure and pharmacokinetics of novel quinolone agents represented by avarofloxacin, delafloxacin, finafloxacin, zabofloxacin and nemonoxacin. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob2006; 15(1): 34.
  8. Yuan JY, Mo BW, Ma Z, Lv Y, Cheng SL, Yang YP, et al. Investigator Group of the Phase 3 Study on Oral Nemonoxacin. Safety and efficacy of oral nemonoxacin versus levofloxacin in treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: A phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, non-inferiority trial. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2019; 52(1):35-44.
  9. Guo BN, Wu XJ, Zhang YY, Shi YG, Yu JC, Cao GY, et al. Safety and clinical pharmacokinetics of nemonoxacin, a novel non-fluorinated quinolone, in healthy Chinese volunteers following single and multiple oral doses.Clin Drug Investig 2012; 32(7):475-86.
  10. Chung DT, Tsai CY, Chen SJ, Chang LW, King CH, Hsu CH, et al. Multiple-dose safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of oral nemonoxacin (TG-873870) in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 201054(1):411-7.
  11. Lin L, Chang LW, Tsai CY, Hsu CH, Chung DT, Aronstein WS, et al. Dose escalation study of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of nemonoxacin (TG-873870), a novel potent broad-spectrum nonfluorinated quinolone, in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54(1): 405-10.
  12. Qin XH, Huang HH. Review of nemonoxacin with special focus on clinical development. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 8: 765-74.
  13. Kang Y, Li Y, Xu FY, Zhang J, Wang K, Chen YC, et al. Population Pharmacokinetics Study of Nemonoxacin Among Chinese Patients with Moderate Hepatic Impairment. Clin Ther 2019; 41(3): 505-517.
  14. Zhao CY, Lv Y, Li XY, Hou F, Ma XZ, Wei MJ, et al. Effects of Nemonoxacin on Thorough ECG QT/QTc Interval: A Randomized, Placebo- and Positive-controlled Crossover Study in Healthy Chinese Adults. Clin Ther. 2018;40(6): 983-992.
  15. Verbeeck RK, Musuamba FT. Pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustment in patients with renal dysfunction. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 65(8): 757-73.
  16. Liang W, Chen YC, Cao YR, Liu XF, Huang J, Hu JL, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nemonoxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013;57(7): 2942-7.
  17. Guo BN, Zhang J, Yu JC, Wu XJ, Shi YG, Tsai CY. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for the determination of nemonoxacin (TG-873870), a novel nonfluorinated quinolone, in human plasma and urine and its application to a single-dose pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26(11): 1333-40.
  18. Lindbom L, Ribbing J, Jonsson EN. Perl-speaks-NONMEM (PsN)–a Perl module for NONMEM related programming. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2004;75: 85–94.
  19. Watson PE, Watson ID, Batt RD. Total body water volumes for adult males and females estimated from simple anthropometric measurements. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33: 27–39.
  20. Arkouche W, Fouque D, Pachiaudi C, Normand S, Laville M, Delawari E, et al. Total body water and body composition in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997; 8(12): 1906-14.
  21. Wu XJ, Zhang J, Guo BN, Zhang YY, Yu JC, Cao GY, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple-dose intravenous nemonoxacin in healthy Chinese volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015;59 (3):1446-54. doi: 10.1128/AAC.04039-14.
  22. He GL, Guo BN, Yu JC, Zhang J, Wu XJ, Cao GY, et al. Determination of a novel nonfluorinated quinolone, nemonoxacin, in human feces and its glucuronide conjugate in human urine and feces by high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29(5): 739-48.
  23. Chow CP, Tsai CY, Yeh CY and Chen SJ. In vitro metabolism and interaction of nemonoxacin (TG-873870) on human hepatic CYP3A4. In: Abstracts of the Four-seventh Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2007; abstract A-27.
Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the subjects in patients with severe renal impairment and healthy controls