Conclusion
In the face the rising prevalence of FA, the need for improvements in diagnostics, preventative strategies, and therapies remains pressing (Figure 4). Consistent efforts are underway to better understand the mechanisms driving and maintaining FA (Table 2), as well as how these mechanisms vary across the individual, in hopes of designing better interventions for existing FA and its prevention. Built upon a foundation of clinical trials demonstrating the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of both single- and multi-allergen OIT, the field has seen exponential growth in the quantity and variety of innovative therapeutic strategies currently under investigation. Though we await results from many of these pivotal trials, each marks an advancement toward safer therapies that are not only long lasting, but also offer efficacy across the full spectrum of food allergic patients.
Conflict of Interest Statement: Dr. Sindher reports grants from NIH, Regeneron, DBV Technologies, AIMMUNE, Novartis, CoFAR, grants and personal fees from FARE, other from Astra Zeneca and DBV; Dr. Long reports consultant fees from COUR Pharmaceuticals; Dr. Nadeau reports gr ants from National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), and Food Allergy Research & Education (FARE); stock options from IgGenix, Seed Health, ClostraBio, and ImmuneID; is Director of the World Allergy Organization Center of Excellence for Stanford, Advisor at Cour Pharma, Consultant for Excellergy, Red tree ventures, Eli Lilly, and Phylaxis, Co-founder of Before Brands, Alladapt, Latitude, and IgGenix; and National Scientific Committee member at Immune Tolerance Network (ITN), and National Institutes of Health (NIH) clinical research centers, outside the submitted work; patents include, “Mixed allergen composition and methods for using the same,” “Granulocyte-based methods for detecting and monitoring immune system disorders,” and “Methods and Assays for Detecting and Quantifying Pure Subpopulations of White Blood Cells in Immune System Disorders.” Dr. Chinthrajah receives grant support from the Consortium for Food Allergy Research (CoFAR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), Food Allergy Research & Education (FARE), Aimmune, DBV Technologies, Astellas, Novartis, Regeneron, and Astra Zeneca, and is an advisory board member for Alladapt Immunotherapeutics, Novartis, Sanofi, Allergenis, Intrommune Therapeutics, and Genentech. All other authors indicate no COI.