References
Organization WH. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard.
https://covid19.who.int/. Published 2021. Accessed 20/01/2021,
2021.
2. Gustine JN, Jones D. Immunopathology of Hyperinflammation in
COVID-19. Am J Pathol. 2021;191(1):4-17. doi:
10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.08.009.
3. Zheng Y-Y, Ma Y-T, Zhang J-Y, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular
system. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(5):259-260. doi:
10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5.
4. Becker RC. COVID-19-associated vasculitis and vasculopathy. J
Thromb Thrombolysis. 2020;50(3):499-511. doi:
10.1007/s11239-020-02230-4.
5. Wassmann S, Faul A, Hennen B, Scheller B, Böhm M, Nickenig G. Rapid
effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibition on
coronary endothelial function. Circ res. 2003;93(9):e98-103. DOI:
10.1161/01.RES.0000099503.13312.7B.
6. Fang CH, Li JJ, Hui RT. Statin, like aspirin, should be given as
early as possible in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Med
hypotheses. 2005;64(1):192-196. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.06.018.
7. Novack V, Eisinger M, Frenkel A, et al. The effects of statin therapy
on inflammatory cytokines in patients with bacterial infections: a
randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial.Intensive care med. 2009;35(7):1255-1260. doi:
10.1007/s00134-009-1429-0.
8. Mortensen EM, Restrepo MI, Anzueto A, Pugh J. The effect of prior
statin use on 30-day mortality for patients hospitalized with
community-acquired pneumonia. Respir Res. 2005;6(1):82. doi:
10.1186/1465-9921-6-82.
9. Radenkovic D, Chawla S, Pirro M, Sahebkar A, Banach MJJocm.
Cholesterol in relation to COVID-19: should we care about it?. J
Clin Med . 2020;9(6):1909. doi: 10.3390/jcm9061909.
10. Minz MM, Bansal M, Kasliwal RR. Statins and SARS-CoV-2 disease:
Current concepts and possible benefits. Diabetes Metab Syndr.2020;14(6): 2063–2067. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.10.021
11. Fajgenbaum DC, Rader DJ. Teaching Old Drugs New Tricks: Statins for
COVID-19?. Cell Metab. 2020;32(2):145-147.
doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.07.006.
12. Weiss P, Murdoch DR. Clinical course and mortality risk of severe
COVID-19. The Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1014-1015. doi:
10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30633-4.
13. Holman N, Knighton P, Kar P, et al. Risk factors for
COVID-19-related mortality in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in
England: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Diabetes
Endocrinol. 2020;8(10):823-833. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30271-0.
14. Bae S, Kim SR, Kim M-N, Shim WJ, Park S-MJH. Impact of
cardiovascular disease and risk factors on fatal outcomes in patients
with COVID-19 according to age: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Heart. 2020; heartjnl-2020-317901. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317901.
15. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a
Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and
Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239-1242.
doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648.
16. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for
mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a
retrospective cohort study. The Lancet.2020;395(10229):1054-1062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.
17. Zhang P, Zhu L, Cai J, et al. Association of inpatient use of
angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor
blockers with mortality among patients with hypertension hospitalized
with COVID-19. Circ Res . 2020;126(12):1671-1681.
18. Vasanthakumar N. Beta-Adrenergic Blockers as a Potential Treatment
for COVID-19 Patients. Bioessays. 2020;42(11):2000094. doi:
10.1002/bies.202000094.
19. Zhang X-J, Qin J-J, Cheng X, et al. In-hospital use of statins is
associated with a reduced risk of mortality among individuals with
COVID-19. Cell Metab. 2020;32(2):176-187. e174. doi:
10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.015.
20. Rossi R, Talarico M, Coppi F, Boriani GJI, Medicine E. Protective
role of statins in COVID 19 patients: importance of pharmacokinetic
characteristics rather than intensity of action. Intern Emerg
Med. 2020;15(8):1573-1576. doi: 10.1007/s11739-020-02504-y.
21. Tan WY, Young BE, Lye DC, Chew DE, Dalan RJSr. Statin use is
associated with lower disease severity in COVID-19 infection. Sci
Rep. 2020;10(1):1-7. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-74492-0.
22. De Spiegeleer A, Bronselaer A, Teo JT, et al. The Effects of ARBs,
ACEis, and Statins on Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Infection Among
Nursing Home Residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc.2020;21(7):909-914.e902. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.06.018.
23. Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, et al. Remdesivir for the Treatment
of Covid-19 — Final Report. 2020;383(19):1813-1826. doi:
10.1056/NEJMoa2007764.
24. RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P, Lim WS, et al. Dexamethasone
in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 - Preliminary Report [published
online ahead of print, 2020 Jul 17]. N Engl J Med. 2020;NEJMoa2021436.
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2021436.
25. Guaraldi G, Meschiari M, Cozzi-Lepri A, et al. Tocilizumab in
patients with severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. The
Lancet Rheumatol. 2020;2(8):e474-e484. doi:
10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30173-9.
26. Huet T, Beaussier H, Voisin O, et al. Anakinra for severe forms of
COVID-19: a cohort study. The Lancet Rheumatol.2020;2(7):e393-e400. doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30164-8.
27. Ziaie, S., Koucheck, M., Miri, et al. Review of therapeutic agents
for the treatment of COVID-19. J Cell Mol Anesth .
2020;5(1):32-36. doi: 10.22037/jcma.v5i1.29760.
Table 1. Patient Demographics and Related Clinical and Laboratory
Findings