Figure 3 - PCA of harmonic coefficients, black outlines visualise outlines of representative pedipalps, grey outline are hypothetical morphs (calculated at the 20th harmonic) from extreme position on the PC axes, convex hulls represent the intraspecific variation within species. Exo = Phrynichus exophalmus , dia =Damon diadema , med = Damon medius , lon =Heterophrynus longicornis , whi = Phrynus whitei , cor =Acanthophrynus coronatus , ger = Phyrnus gervasii , vir =Paraphrynus viridiceps , lop = Phrynus longipies , azt =Paraphrynus aztecus , wil = Paraphrynus williamsi
Species clustering using k-means and MANOVA methods provided markedly different results. In the femur, unsupervised k-means clustering could only classify Ph. exophalmus with 100% accuracy, placing all specimens of this species within the same cluster alongside no additional species. K-means also placed the two Damon species together within a discrete genus cluster which contained no other species, but was unable to differentiate between the two species. K-means performed poorly at correctly identifying all other species (see Table 1). In contrast, MANOVA found statistically significant differences in the pairwise comparisons between most species in the femur (see Table 2). However, like k-means clustering, MANOVA was unable to delimitate between species within the genera Paraphrynus and