Species clustering
A PCA of harmonic coefficients was carried out in order to visualise intra- and interspecific shape variation and generate PC scores to be used in species clustering (Figure 4). The PCA appears to show a higher degree of intraspecific than interspecific differences in both segments. Furthermore, there was marked overlap between species in both segments, this was particular marked in the femur where species within the same family often overlapped. In both segments, PC1 appears to correlate to pedipalp elongation, where PC2 seems to be related to the relative position of the longest spines and the length of those spines in the tibia and femur. PC1 accounted for just over half of observed variation in both segments (femur = 56%, tibia = 59.2%) and mainly separated Phrynichidae species (D.diadema , D.medius andPh.exophamus ) from other species. PC2 contributed roughly 15% of variation in both the femur and tibia. PC’s 1 through 10 accounted for just over 95% of total observed variation in both segments, thus PC1-PC10 were carried forward into the species clustering analysis.