PCNL procedure
After general anesthesia, 5 or 6 F ureter catheter was inserted to the collecting system of the patient’s kidney with stones in the lithotomy position. And ureter catheter fixed to a Foley catheter. Then patient was positined to prone. Access was obtained under fluoroscopy with 18-gauge needle, and tract was dilated with Amplatz dilatators to 30 F caliber. Stone fragmentation was accomplished using a pneumatic lithotripter (Vibrolith; Elmed, Ankara, Turkey). At the end of the procedure, 14 F nephrostomy tube was inserted, and antegrade pyelography was performed. Nephrostomy tube was removed in the 1st or 2nd postoperative day in the absence of fever or significant hematuria. The fluoroscopy time was recorded for every fluoroscopy use from the access to the collecting system of the kidney to antegrade pyelography was performed. Operation time was calculated from the patient was placed in the prone position to the nephrostomy tube was placed.