Figure Legends
FIGURE 1(a) Primer binding position, taxa amplified, and PCR reaction
conditions for each primer set relative to published Mnemiopsis
leidyi sequence, including the ‘Folmer’ region (b) primer sequences and
position used to amplify and sequence all groups of ctenophores
including LCO1490/HCO2198 (Folmer et al. 1994) and
meta-COI-F2/meta-COI-R2 (Pett et al. 2011). Differences fromM. leidyi are indicated in bold and colored according to base.
Primers marked with * are more universal.
FIGURE 2 Bayesian unrooted phylogeny for 765 bp COI fragment for
all ctenophores sequenced with successful primer pairs indicated by
colored triangles. Closed triangles indicate forward and open indicate
reverse direction primers. Multiple triangles indicate multiple
successful primer pairs. Branches colored by group including; Lobates
(pink), Beroids (blue), and Platyctenes (green).
FIGURE 3(a) Transitions and transversions versus GTR sequence divergence
and (b) Pairwise percent sequence distance (GTR) within and amongst all
ctenophore species sequenced for the COI fragment.
FIGURE 4 Bayesian and maximum likelihood estimated phylogenies for
fragments of (a) 18S (1780 bp, TrN+i+Γ) and (b) COI (765
bp, GTR+i+Γ) limited to Lobate ctenophores. Bolinopsis species
are bolded, showing the scattered distribution with 18S . Colored
backgrounds indicate the species of Lampocteis which are
identical with 18S but form distinct clades with COI . Both
likelihood and Bayesian support values are indicated by triangles on the
nodes, with unlabeled nodes having low support. Locations (Table S1) are
indicated in the blue labels including: (AU) Australia, (BA) Bahamas,
(CA) California, (FL) Florida, (GC) Gulf of California, (HI) Hawaii, US,
(JP) Japan, (NO) Norway, (TA) Tahiti, (WA) Washington, (WH) Woods Hole
FIGURE 5 Images and known depths in meters of specimens of (a)Lampocteis cruentiventer (~250–1500 m) (b)Lampocteis sp. ‘V’ (~1500–3000 m), (c)Lampocteis sp. ‘A’, (~500–2800 m), (d)Bathocyroe aff. fosteri ‘A’ (560–3572 m, small red gut),
(e) Bathocyroe aff. fosteri ‘B’ (> 3000 m,
peach gut), (f) Bathocyroe aff. longigula (1900–2858 m,
big gut)
FIGURE 6 Presence and absence matrix of assigned ctenophore species for
a 311 bp fragment of COI from 100 meter-depth net tows collected
in 2012 along a transect that spanned from Central California, USA, to
Southern Baja California, Mexico from Pitz et al. (2020).
SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE S1 Transitions and transversions versus GTR
sequence divergence for Beroe cucumis (MK361035), Beroe
forskalii (MG655623), Coeloplana loyai (LN898113),Coeloplana yulianicorum (LN898115), Hormiphora
californensis (MN544300), and Mnemiopsis leidyi (JF760210) forCOI (1311 bp), COII (536 bp), COIII (601),
CytB (570 bp), ND4 (429 bp), and ND5 (506
bp).