LegendOR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval of COD or VSD risk per standard deviation (SD) decrease in maternal T/S ratio. OR for decrease in risk per SD showed as 1/OR, one SD maternal T/S ratio = 0.163. Telomere length (T/S ratio) measured at approximately 16 months after the index pregnancy. 1Risk estimates adjusted for maternal age,2Risk estimates adjusted for maternal age, maternal body-mass-index, ethnicity, education and use of alcohol or smoking during pregnancy.