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Trepel, J., Mollapour, M., Giaccone, G., & Neckers, L. (2010). Targeting the dynamic HSP90 complex in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer . 10(8), 537-549. 10.1038/nrc2887
Ueki, K., Kondo, T., & Kahn, C.R. (2004). Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1) and SOCS-3 cause insulin resistance through inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins by discrete mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol . 24(12), 5434-5446. 10.1128/MCB.24.12.5434-5446.2004
Whitesell, L., & Lindquist, S.L. (2005). HSP90 and the chaperoning of cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer . 5(10), 761-772. 10.1038/nrc1716
Yu, C.L., Meyer, D.J., Campbell, G.S., Larner, A.C., Carter-Su, C., Schwartz, J., & Jove, R. (1995). Enhanced DNA-binding activity of a Stat3-related protein in cells transformed by the Src oncoprotein.Science . 269(5220), 81-83. 10.1126/science.7541555
Yun, C.W., Kim, H.J., Lim, J.H., & Lee, S.H. (2019). Heat Shock Proteins: Agents of Cancer Development and Therapeutic Targets in Anti-Cancer Therapy. Cells . 9(1). 10.3390/cells9010060
Zhang, L., Pan, J., Dong, Y., Tweardy, D.J., Dong, Y., Garibotto, G., & Mitch, W.E. (2013). Stat3 activation links a C/EBPdelta to myostatin pathway to stimulate loss of muscle mass. Cell Metab . 18(3), 368-379. 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.07.012
Zhong, Z., Wen, Z., & Darnell, J.J. (1994). Stat3: a STAT family member activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to epidermal growth factor and interleukin-6. Science . 264(5155), 95-98. 10.1126/science.8140422
Zimmers, T.A., Fishel, M.L., & Bonetto, A. (2016). STAT3 in the systemic inflammation of cancer cachexia. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology . 54, 28-41. 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.009
Mashili, F., Chibalin, A.V., Krook, A., & Zierath, J.R. (2013). Constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation contributes to skeletal muscle insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes . 62(2), 457-465. 10.2337/db12-0337
Milan, G., Romanello, V., Pescatore, F., Armani, A., Paik, J.H., & Frasson, L., et al. (2015). Regulation of autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system by the FoxO transcriptional network during muscle atrophy.Nat Commun . 6, 6670. 10.1038/ncomms7670
Mubaid, S., Ma, J.F., Omer, A., Ashour, K., Lian, X.J., & Sanchez, B.J., et al. (2019). HuR counteracts miR-330 to promote STAT3 translation during inflammation-induced muscle wasting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 116(35), 17261-17270. 10.1073/pnas.1905172116
O’Neill, B.T., Bhardwaj, G., Penniman, C.M., Krumpoch, M.T., Suarez, B.P., & Klaus, K., et al. (2019). FoxO Transcription Factors Are Critical Regulators of Diabetes-Related Muscle Atrophy. Diabetes . 68(3), 556-570. 10.2337/db18-0416
Ono, K., Eguchi, T., Sogawa, C., Calderwood, S.K., Futagawa, J., & Kasai, T., et al. (2018). HSP-enriched properties of extracellular vesicles involve survival of metastatic oral cancer cells. J Cell Biochem . 119(9), 7350-7362. 10.1002/jcb.27039
Park, B.S., Henning, P.C., Grant, S.C., Lee, W.J., Lee, S.R., Arjmandi, B.H., & Kim, J.S. (2013). HMB attenuates muscle loss during sustained energy deficit induced by calorie restriction and endurance exercise.Metabolism . 62(12), 1718-1729. 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.06.005
Penna, F., Ballaro, R., Beltra, M., De Lucia, S., & Costelli, P. (2018). Modulating Metabolism to Improve Cancer-Induced Muscle Wasting.Oxid Med Cell Longev . 2018, 7153610. 10.1155/2018/7153610
Pretto, F., Ghilardi, C., Moschetta, M., Bassi, A., Rovida, A., & Scarlato, V., et al. (2015). Sunitinib prevents cachexia and prolongs survival of mice bearing renal cancer by restraining STAT3 and MuRF-1 activation in muscle. Oncotarget . 6(5), 3043-3054. 10.18632/oncotarget.2812
Prinsloo, E., Kramer, A.H., Edkins, A.L., & Blatch, G.L. (2012). STAT3 interacts directly with Hsp90. IUBMB Life . 64(3), 266-273. 10.1002/iub.607
Puppa, M.J., Gao, S., Narsale, A.A., & Carson, J.A. (2014). Skeletal muscle glycoprotein 130’s role in Lewis lung carcinoma-induced cachexia.FASEB J . 28(2), 998-1009. 10.1096/fj.13-240580
Ram, P.A., & Waxman, D.J. (1997). Interaction of growth hormone-activated STATs with SH2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 and nuclear JAK2 tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem . 272(28), 17694-17702. 10.1074/jbc.272.28.17694
Reed, S.A., Sandesara, P.B., Senf, S.M., & Judge, A.R. (2012). Inhibition of FoxO transcriptional activity prevents muscle fiber atrophy during cachexia and induces hypertrophy. FASEB J . 26(3), 987-1000. 10.1096/fj.11-189977
Schoof, N., von Bonin, F., Trumper, L., & Kube, D. (2009). HSP90 is essential for Jak-STAT signaling in classical Hodgkin lymphoma cells. Cell Commun Signal . 7, 17. 10.1186/1478-811X-7-17
Schopf, F.H., Biebl, M.M., & Buchner, J. (2017). The HSP90 chaperone machinery.Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology . 18(6), 345-360. 10.1038/nrm.2017.20
Sengupta, T.K., Schmitt, E.M., & Ivashkiv, L.B. (1996). Inhibition of cytokines and JAK-STAT activation by distinct signaling pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 93(18), 9499-9504. 10.1073/pnas.93.18.9499
Shah, M., Patel, K., Fried, V.A., & Sehgal, P.B. (2002). Interactions of STAT3 with caveolin-1 and heat shock protein 90 in plasma membrane raft and cytosolic complexes. Preservation of cytokine signaling during fever. J Biol Chem . 277(47), 45662-45669. 10.1074/jbc.M205935200
Silva, K.A., Dong, J., Dong, Y., Dong, Y., Schor, N., & Tweardy, D.J., et al. (2015). Inhibition of Stat3 activation suppresses caspase-3 and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, leading to preservation of muscle mass in cancer cachexia. J Biol Chem . 290(17), 11177-11187. 10.1074/jbc.M115.641514
Song, S., Min, H., Niu, M., Wang, L., Wu, Y., & Zhang, B., et al. (2018). S1PR1 predicts patient survival and promotes chemotherapy drug resistance in gastric cancer cells through STAT3 constitutive activation. EBioMedicine . 37, 168-176. 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.005
Song, S., Su, Z., Xu, H., Niu, M., Chen, X., & Min, H., et al. (2017). Luteolin selectively kills STAT3 highly activated gastric cancer cells through enhancing the binding of STAT3 to SHP-1. Cell Death & Disease . 8(2), e2612. 10.1038/cddis.2017.38
Stitt, T.N., Drujan, D., Clarke, B.A., Panaro, F., Timofeyva, Y., & Kline, W.O., et al. (2004). The IGF-1/PI3K/Akt Pathway Prevents Expression of Muscle Atrophy-Induced Ubiquitin Ligases by Inhibiting FOXO Transcription Factors. Molecular Cell . 14(3), 395-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1097-2765(04)00211-4
Tanaka, Y., Eda, H., Tanaka, T., Udagawa, T., Ishikawa, T., & Horii, I., et al. (1990). Experimental cancer cachexia induced by transplantable colon 26 adenocarcinoma in mice. Cancer Res . 50(8), 2290-2295.
Trepel, J., Mollapour, M., Giaccone, G., & Neckers, L. (2010). Targeting the dynamic HSP90 complex in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer . 10(8), 537-549. 10.1038/nrc2887
Ueki, K., Kondo, T., & Kahn, C.R. (2004). Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1) and SOCS-3 cause insulin resistance through inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins by discrete mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol . 24(12), 5434-5446. 10.1128/MCB.24.12.5434-5446.2004
Whitesell, L., & Lindquist, S.L. (2005). HSP90 and the chaperoning of cancer.Nature Reviews Cancer . 5(10), 761-772. 10.1038/nrc1716
Yu, C.L., Meyer, D.J., Campbell, G.S., Larner, A.C., Carter-Su, C., Schwartz, J., & Jove, R. (1995). Enhanced DNA-binding activity of a Stat3-related protein in cells transformed by the Src oncoprotein.Science . 269(5220), 81-83. 10.1126/science.7541555
Yun, C.W., Kim, H.J., Lim, J.H., & Lee, S.H. (2019). Heat Shock Proteins: Agents of Cancer Development and Therapeutic Targets in Anti-Cancer Therapy. Cells . 9(1). 10.3390/cells9010060
Zhang, L., Pan, J., Dong, Y., Tweardy, D.J., Dong, Y., Garibotto, G., & Mitch, W.E. (2013). Stat3 activation links a C/EBPdelta to myostatin pathway to stimulate loss of muscle mass. Cell Metab . 18(3), 368-379. 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.07.012
Zhong, Z., Wen, Z., & Darnell, J.J. (1994). Stat3: a STAT family member activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to epidermal growth factor and interleukin-6. Science . 264(5155), 95-98. 10.1126/science.8140422
Zimmers, T.A., Fishel, M.L., & Bonetto, A. (2016). STAT3 in the systemic inflammation of cancer cachexia. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology . 54, 28-41. 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.009
Figure Legends