Figure 1: Examples of roads in the landscape (a-c) and key invasive species (d-f) across a range of MIREN regions. (a) Harsh mountain climates (here the Cañadas del Teide on Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) have traditionally been seen as an adequate barrier against non-native plant invasion; (b) the direct local impact of roadside disturbance on mountain plants is visible on native Azorella cushion plants along a road in the dry Andes near Mendoza, Argentina; (c) interactive effects of climate and land use, exemplified by dramatic differences in snow cover on versus beside a mountain road in northern Norway; (d)Taraxacum officinale , one of the most widespread non-native plant species along MIREN mountain roads (Seipel et al., 2012), in a sample plot on a volcanic gravel slope in the Argentine Andes; (e) non-nativeVerbascum thapsus on a roadside in the highly invaded lowlands of the Andes in central Chile; (f) Trifolium pratense in northern Norway, where the species is rapidly moving uphill along mountain roadsides.