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\begin{document}

\title{Hydrological alteration: the missing dimension of water in wastewater
treatment plants. The case of the Manzanares River in Madrid (Spain)}



\author[1]{Natalia Pérez-Andrés}%
\author[1]{Carolina Martínez-Santamaría}%
\author[1]{Fernando Magdaleno}%
\author[2]{Roberto Martínez-Romero}%
\author[3]{José Fernández}%
\affil[1]{Polytechnic University of Madrid}%
\affil[2]{Scottish Environment Protection Agency}%
\affil[3]{Polytechnic University of Madrid - Forest Engineering Technical College}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The effects of the discharge of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) on
the status of rivers have most commonly been focused on water quality. A
very limited number of works have characterised the ability of treatment
plants to modify flow patterns in the receiving rivers. This paper
presents a methodology for the assessment of the hydrologic alteration
caused by WWTP discharges, over a two-fold sequence. The first phase
comprises the application of indicators derived from accessible data and
informative of the capacity of treatment plants to produce significant
flow alterations. The second phase, which may only be carried out when
flow data in the receiving river is available, is based on the
indicators of hydrologic alteration provided by the free software IAHRIS
(6 indicators) and IHA (2 indicators), and on a new indicator proposed
in this paper to obtain information of flow alteration at seasonal and
monthly time scales. The procedure suggested in this work is applied to
the Manzanares River (Central Spain), allowing the quantification of the
flow alteration generated by the 12 WWTP which give service to Madrid
city (3.8 million inhabitants): Large increases of annual water volumes
(from 108 hm3 to 410 hm3); at a monthly scale (increase from 246\% to
1516\%); variability in flow decreases in wet years by up to 47\% and
increases in dry years by up to 380\%; seasonal patterns is altered
within an altered regime. Results of the analysis show: (i) the ability
of the proposed methodology to characterise the modification of flow
patterns due to WWTP discharges; (ii) the importance of assessing such
changes when evaluating the environmental impact of treatment plants;
(iii) the importance of designing preventive and mitigation measures
which maintain the ecological integrity of river ecosystems in the
receiving channels.%
\end{abstract}%



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