References
1. Williams A, Lavender T, Richmond DH, Tincello DG. Women’s experiences
after a third-degree obstetric anal sphincter tear: a qualitative study.
Birth. 2005;32(2):129-36.
2. Gurol-Urganci I, Cromwell DA, Edozien LC, Mahmood TA, Adams EJ,
Richmond DH, et al. Third- and fourth-degree perineal tears among
primiparous women in England between 2000 and 2012: time trends and risk
factors. BJOG. 2013;120(12):1516-25.
3. McLeod NL, Gilmour DT, Joseph KS, Farrell SA, Luther ER. Trends in
major risk factors for anal sphincter lacerations: a 10-year study. J
Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2003;25(7):586-93.
4. Laine K, Gissler M, Pirhonen J. Changing incidence of anal sphincter
tears in four Nordic countries through the last decades. Eur J Obstet
Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009;146(1):71-5.
5. RCOG Greentop guideline 29: the management of third- and
fourth-degree perineal tears: RCOG June 2015,
www.rcog.org.uk.
6. Groom KM P-BS. Can we improve on the diagnosis of third degree tears?
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2002;101:19-21.
7. Taithongchai A, Veiga SI, Sultan AH, Thakar R. The consequences of
undiagnosed obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) following vaginal
delivery. Int Urogynecol J. 2020;31:635-41.
8. L R. Does a missed obstetric anal sphincter injury at time of
delivery affect short-term functional outcome? Ann R Coll Surg Engl.
2018;100:26-32.
9. Taithongchai A, van Gruting IMA, Volloyhaug I, Arendsen LP, Sultan
AH, R T. Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of 3 ultrasound modalities
for diagnosing obstetric anal sphincter injuries. Am J Obstet Gynecol.
2019;221:134.
10. Garcia-Mejido JA, Gutierrez Palomino L, Fernandez Palacin A,
Sainz-Bueno JA. [Applicability of 3/4D transperineal ultrasound for
the diagnosis of anal sphincter injury during the immediate
pospartum]. Cir Cir. 2017;85(1):80-6.
11. Shek KL, Zazzera VD, Atan IK, Rojas RG, Langer S, Dietz HP. The
evolution of transperineal ultrasound findings of the external anal
sphincter during the first years after childbirth. Int Urogynecol J.
2016;27(12):1899-903.
12. Roos AM, Abdool Z, Sultan AH, Thakar R. The diagnostic accuracy of
endovaginal and transperineal ultrasound for detecting anal sphincter
defects: The PREDICT study. Clin Radiol. 2011;66(7):597-604.
13. Andrews V, Sultan AH, Thakar R, PW J. Occult anal sphincter
injuries-myth or reality? BJOG. 2006;113(2):195-200.
14. Sioutis D, Thakar R, Sultan AH. Overdiagnosis and rising rate of
obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS): time for reappraisal.
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;50(5):642-7.
15. Ali-Masri H, Hassan S, Ismail K, Zimmo K, Zimmo M, Fosse E, et al.
Enhancing recognition of obstetric anal sphincter injuries in six
maternity units in Palestine: an interventional quality improvement
study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(6):e020983.
16. Zimmo K, Laine K, Vikanes A, Fosse E, Zimmo M, Ali H, et al.
Diagnosis and repair of perineal injuries: knowledge before and after
expert training-a multicentre observational study among Palestinian
physicians and midwives. BMJ Open. 2017;7(4):e014183.
17. Andrews V, Thakar R, Sultan AH. Structured hands-on training in
repair of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS): an audit of
clinical practice. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct.
2009;20(2):193-9.
18. RCOG Greentop guideline 29: the management of third- and
fourth-degree perineal tears: RCOG June 2015,
www.rcog.org.uk
19. Thiagamoorthy G, Johnson A, Thakar R, Sultan AH. National survey of
perineal trauma and its subsequent management in the United Kingdom. Int
Urogynecol J. 2014;25(12):1621-7.
20. García-Mejido JA, Palomino LG, Palacín AF, Sainz-Bueno JA.
Applicability of 3/4D transperineal ultrasound for the diagnosis of anal
sphincter injury during the immediate postpartum. Cirugía y Cirujanos
(English Edition). 2017;85(1):80-6.
21. Sultan AH KM, Hudson CN, Thomas JM, Bartram CI. Anal sphincter
disruption during vaginal delivery N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1905-11.
22. Faltin DL, Boulvain M, Stan C, Epiney M, Weil A, O I. Intraobserver
and interobserver agreement in the diagnosis of anal sphincter tears by
postpartum endosonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;21(4):375-7.
23. García-Mejido JA, Palomino LG PA, JA S-B. Applicability of 3/4D
transperineal ultrasound for the diagnosis of anal sphincter injury
during the immediate postpartum. Cirugía y Cirujanos (English Edition).
2017;85(1):80-6.
Table 1 Perineal trauma diagnosed by midwives and
research fellow