Figure 3 . (a, b) Coherence and (c, d) phase maps between gridded Farrar SSH and observed near-bottom velocity components (Uobs and Vobs). (a, b, c, d)The left is for SSH and Uobs, and the right is for SSH and Vobs. The region with coherences under 95% significance level is gray-colored. (e, f, g, h) The first CEOF mode of the spatio-temporal band-pass filtered barotropic velocity components (Ubt, Vbt) obtained from the numerical simulation (GLORYS12V1) during 10 years from 2004 to 2013. The percentage of the first CEOF mode is 56.5%. The left is for Ubt and the right is for Vbt. The upper part is the phase and lower part is the amplitude. (e, f)Superimposed black lines are co-phase line calculated from the CEOF phase. Black stars denote the location of the mooring observation site.(i) The time series of the amplitude of the principal component of the first CEOF mode for the barotropic current velocity obtained from GLORYS12V1. Niño 3.4 indices (https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/nino-sst-indices-nino-12-3-34-4-oni-and-tni) based on a 30-year data are shown using background colors. Red denotes El Niño and blue denotes La Niña periods, respectively.