Study population
This study was imbedded in an ongoing prospective cohort study among Dutch pregnant women, the PRegnancy and Infant DEvelopment (PRIDE) Study. The aim of the PRIDE Study is to identify factors that may influence the health of women and their offspring during and after pregnancy. In short, pregnant women aged ≥18 years were invited for participation by their prenatal care providers at their first prenatal care visit, through the ‘Moeders voor Moeders’ initiative, or online advertisements. The median gestational age at enrollment was 9.9 weeks. Participants were asked to complete web-based questionnaires at enrollment, gestational weeks 17 and 34, and biannually after delivery. Furthermore, consent was asked to obtain records from prenatal care providers and pharmacists. A detailed description of the PRIDE Study can be found elsewhere [26]. For the current study, we selected all PRIDE Study participants with ongoing pregnancies who completed the first follow-up questionnaire at gestational week 17 between September 2013 and February 2018 (N=4,851).
The PRIDE Study was approved by the Regional Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects Arnhem-Nijmegen (CMO 2009/305). Women were asked to participate on a completely voluntary basis and gave their informed consent digitally through the Internet.