Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Sylvain Charlat, Benjamin Normark and Anne Duplouy for reading and reviewing the manuscript. We thank Juan Antonio Balbuena and Xavier Didelot for their technical advice on, respectively, PACo and ClonalFrame analysis. We also thank John Dwyer and Andrew Letten for providing constructive feedbacks on the statistical models. Penelope Mills kindly allowed us to access her scale insect database which is much appreciated.