Figure 1 Detailed schematic representation of the experimental setup for the pressure characterization in water (A). Pressure transmitters (PT), flow sensors (FS), centrifugal pumps (CD) and peristaltic pumps (PP) are specified with subscripted letters according to their position (R: Retentate; F: Filtrate; A: Additional sensors on filtrate side; H: Harvest). Minimal required setups for TFF (B), rTFF (C) and HPTFF or scTFF (D) operation used for cell culture runs are further shown.