Patients
Participants met the following inclusion criteria: age 18-70 years, body
mass index (BMI) 18-30 kg/m2, unlimited sex, American
Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-III, awareness, good communication,
informed about the experiment, and voluntarily signed informed consent.
The exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) severe coagulopathy; 2)
systemic or puncture site infection; 3) allergy to the study drugs and
contraindications; 4) severe impairment of liver, kidney, and heart
function (New York Heart Association Classes III-IV); and 5) a history
of chronic pain or persistent pain due to other diseases and analgesic
treatment before surgery.