Echocardiography
For imaging, a GE Vivid E95 echocardiography system (GE Healthcare; Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Norway) with an M5S probe (frequency range: 1.5-4.6 MHz) and a 4V probe was employed (frequency range: 1.5-4.0 MHz). During echocardiography, a single lead rhythm recording was collected from all subjects. All of the subjects had normal sinus rhythm. According to the current standards of the American Society of Echocardiography, a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic examination was performed to evaluate heart anatomy, chamber size, and cardiac function. We calculated the LVEF using the biplane Simpson technique with enhancements. A transducer with a 4V output was used to perform a three-dimensional echocardiographic examination on each participant. On the apical four-chamber view, volumetric data for the whole LA was acquired by adjusting the pictures. The dataset was acquired using five distinct heartbeat acquisition settings, with the frame rate set to %40 of the heart rate. At the end of inhalation or exhale, participants were instructed to hold their breath. At least four datasets have been collected. The three picture data sets with the highest quality were chosen for examination. A dataset was eliminated if the LA endocardial boundary was missing or ambiguous. To enhance the precision and repeatability of the measurements, high-resolution pictures were acquired. [9-11]