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\begin{document}

\title{Neutral and adaptive loci reveal fine-scale population structure in
\emph{Eleginops maclovinus} from North Patagonia}



\author[1]{Cristian Canales-Aguirre}%
\author[2]{Wes Larson}%
\author[3]{Garrett McKinney}%
\author[4]{C. Eliza Claure}%
\author[4]{J. Dellis Rocha}%
\author[5]{Santiago Ceballos}%
\author[6]{Maria Cadiz}%
\author[7]{Jose Yanez}%
\author[8]{Daniel Gomez-Uchida}%
\affil[1]{Universidad de Los Lagos}%
\affil[2]{U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit}%
\affil[3]{Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife}%
\affil[4]{Universidad de Los Lagos Centro i-mar}%
\affil[5]{Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas}%
\affil[6]{Aarhus University}%
\affil[7]{University of Chile}%
\affil[8]{Universidad de Concepcion Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanograficas}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{March 14, 2025}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Patagonia is an understudied area, especially when it comes to
population genomic studies with relevance to fishery management.
However, the dynamic and heterogeneous landscape in this area can harbor
important but cryptic genetic population structure. Once such
information is revealed, it can be integrated into the management of
infrequently investigated species. \emph{Eleginops maclovinus} is a
protandrous hermaphrodite species with economic importance for local
communities that is currently managed as a single genetic unit. In this
study, we sampled five locations distributed across a salinity cline
from Northern Patagonia to investigate the genetic population structure
of \emph{E}. \emph{maclovinus}. We use Restriction-site Associated DNA
(RAD) sequencing and outlier tests to obtain neutral and adaptive loci,
using FST and GEA approaches.~We identified a spatial pattern of
structuration with gene flow and spatial selection by environmental
association. Neutral and adaptive loci showed two and three genetic
groups, respectively. The effective population sizes estimated ranged
from 572 (Chepu) to 14,454 (Chait\selectlanguage{ngerman}én) and were influenced more by
locality than salinity cline. We found loci putatively associated with
salinity suggesting that salinity may act as a selective driver in
\emph{E}. \emph{maclovinus} populations. These results suggest a complex
interaction between genetic drift, geneflow, and natural selection in
this area. {}{O}ur findings suggest several units in this area, and the
information should be integrated into the management of this species. We
discuss the significance of these results for fishery management and
suggest future directions to improve our understanding of how \emph{E}.
\emph{maclovinus} is adapted to the dynamic waters of Northern
Patagonia.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Neutral and adaptive loci reveal fine-scale population structure
in \emph{Eleginops maclovinus} from North Patagonia}

Cristian B. Canales-Aguirre \textsuperscript{1,2}*, Wesley A.
Larson\textsuperscript{3}, Garret J. McKinney \textsuperscript{4}, C.
Eliza Claure \textsuperscript{1,2}, J. Dellis Rocha
\textsuperscript{1,2}, Santiago G. Ceballos \textsuperscript{5,6}, Mar\selectlanguage{ngerman}ía
I. Cádiz\textsuperscript{2,7}, José M. Yañez \textsuperscript{2,8},
Daniel Gomez-Uchida \textsuperscript{2,9}

\textsuperscript{1}Centro i\textasciitilde{}mar, Universidad de Los
Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue 6 km, Puerto Montt, Chile

\textsuperscript{2}Núcleo Milenio INVASAL, Concepción, Chile

\textsuperscript{3}National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries
Science Center, Auke Bay Laboratories, Juneau, AK, USA

\textsuperscript{4}Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Seattle,
WA, USA

\textsuperscript{5}Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas
(CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo A Houssay 200, V9410BXE Ushuaia, Ushuaia,
Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

\textsuperscript{6}Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego
(ICPA-UNTDF), Ushuaia, Argentina.

\textsuperscript{7}Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny
Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

\textsuperscript{8}Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias,
Universidad de Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 11735, 8820808, La Pintana,
Santiago, Chile

\textsuperscript{9}Departamento de Zoología. Facultad de Ciencias
Naturales y Oceanográficas. Universidad de Concepción

*Corresponding author:

Cristian B. Canales-Aguirre

Centro i\textasciitilde{}mar, Universidad de Los Lagos

Camino a Chinquihue 6 km,Puerto Montt, Chile

\emph{cristian.canales@ulagos.cl}

\textbf{Acknowledgments}

We thanks to Kristen M. Gruenthal for the RADseq workshop conducted at
UWSP, to Valentina Prida and Cristobal Gárces for participate in
sampling collection. C.B.C.-A. was supported by ANID FONDECYT initiation
grant no. 11180897. C.B.C-A, D.G-U, J.M.Y were supported by Nucleo
Milenio INVASAL funded by ANID -- Millennium Science Initiative--
NCN16\_034. We thanks two anonymous reviewers for providing valuable
comments of the manuscript and Susan Cleveland for checking and
improving the language or the English style.

\textbf{Funding}

This research and the APC was funded by ANID/CONICYT FONDECYT Iniciación
Nº11180897''

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