Definition of Risk Factors
Demographic information, comorbidities, medication histories, biochemical profiles, reports of urodynamic testing and surgical procedures were collected from the CMUH–CRDR. Comorbidities of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, psychosis, menopausal syndrome and constipation were defined by the International Classification of Diseases, 9th/10thRevisions, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM) codes, and medication histories for hypertension, diabetes, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were recorded within 1 year before the index midurethral sling surgery (Supplementary Table 1 ). Biochemical profiles of blood glucose, liver function, renal function, and complete blood count were obtained within 1 year prior to the index procedures. Reports of urodynamic testing, such as uroflowmetry information and urethra pressure profiles, were obtained within 3 years prior to the index procedures. Surgical information extracted from the operation database included length of operation, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score, wound contamination classification, anesthesia type, and sling type.