GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale, NR: not reported, NPA: no prophylactic antibiotics, NIHSS: National Institute of Health stroke scale, PA: prophylactic antibiotics, IV: intravenous.

a: mortality rate, b: pneumonia, c: incidence of infections, d: urinary tract infections, e: the proportion of patients with a mRS ≤ 2, f: NIHSS score, g: length of hospital stay, h: adverse events, Data are mean, standard deviation (SD), or median, interquartile (IQR).

Table 2. Rating the certainty of evidence by GRADE criteria.