2.3.2 Water and oil holding capacity
The water and oil holding capacity (WHC and OHC) were determined according to Stone et al. (2015). In brief, 0.5 g of protein (corrected by protein content) was mixed with 5.0 g of water or oil in a 50 mL screw cap centrifuge tube. The mixture was vortexed for 10 s every 5 min for a total period of 30 min, followed by centrifugation (VWR clinical centrifuge 200, VWR International, Mississauga, ON, Canada) at 1,000 × g for 15 min. The remaining pellet was weighed after carefully decanting the supernatant. The WHC and OHC were calculated by dividing the weight gain by the original sample weight (g/g). All measurements were reported as the mean ± one standard deviation (n=3).