Table 3: Life history traits and how they affect a species organization of diversity and differentiation and vulnerability to negative outcomes of mixing and the contributing life history traits and attributes for three species. UK distribution was obtained from the New Atlas (Preston et al. 2002) and GB & IR 10-km2 (PLANTATT, Hill et al. 2004).
Armeria maritima subsp. elongata
Life History Traits? Trait description Trait value Organisation of genetic diversity Negative outcomes of mixing
Mode(s) of reproduction Primary sexual (obligatory cross, hermaphrodite with di-allelic sporophitic self-incompatibility system) / secondary not found. Sexual Higher diversity / Lower differentiation More vulnerable
Dispersal method(s) / Ability Seed – unspecialised / Pollen – insects. Poor Lower diversity / Higher differentiation Not applicable
Time to maturity / Longevity Time to maturity 2-5 years / Longevity 2-3+ Long-lived Higher diversity / Lower differentiation Less vulnerable
Reproductive output One seed per fruit. Poor Not applicable More vulnerable
Recruitment / Turnover potential Poor dispersal method and poor reproductive output. Limited Lower diversity Not applicable
UK distribution Rare; 10-km2 </=15 Rare Lower diversity / Higher differentiation Not applicable
Fragmentation, scattered distribution Found in just two locations in one county in England / Amplitude: neutral grasslands overlying river gravels or alluvium; lowland rough pasture; formerly one site in limestone grassland; altitude 0-300 m. Scattered distribution Lower diversity / Higher differentiation More vulnerable
Ecological amplitude Limited Lower differentiation Less vulnerable
Demography Lost from 10 to the 12 localities (all in one county) where previously found (1950s), threats: agricultural changes and improvement (ploughing, reseeding); subspecies not recognised in UK until 1950’s so data from 1989 Atlas only. Decline Lower diversity Not applicable
Silene latifolia
EBV Trait description Trait value Organisation of genetic diversity Negative outcomes of mixing
Mode(s) of Reproduction primary - sexual (obligatory cross) / secondary - asexual (stoloniferous; diffuse ramets) sexual higher diversity / lower differentiation more vulnerable
Dispersal Method(s) / Ability seed - anemochory / pollen - insect effective higher diversity / lower differentiation not applicable
Time to Maturity / Longevity time to maturity not found / longevity up to 2-3+ years (occurs as primarily perennial, also annual & biennial) long-lived higher diversity / lower differentiation less vulnerable
Reproductive Output 1,000-10,000 seeds / plant prolific not applicable less vulnerable
Recruitment / Turnover Potential no life-history traits limiting recruitment found effective No major effect on org of diversity suggested by available data not applicable
UK Distribution (New Atlas, Preston et al. 2002); GB & IR 10-km2 (PLANTATT, Hill et al., 2004) throughout much of the BI; 10-km2 = 2,178 not rare higher diversity / lower differentiation not applicable
Fragmentation, Scattered Distribution / Ecological Amplitude widely distributed throughout England except SW & NE; patchy in Wales, E Scotland & E Ireland; scattered/rare or absent in W Scotland & Ireland / amplitude: hedge banks; roadsides; wasteground; arable land; mostly on light soils in the open scattered distribution lower diversity / higher differentiation more vulnerable
broad amplitude higher differentiation more vulnerable
Demography probable decline on western edge of range (only in marginal distribution), rest stable decline (marginal) No major effect on org of diversity, BUT lower for W part of its distribution not applicable
Achillea millefolium
EBV Trait description Trait value Organisation of genetic diversity Negative outcomes of mixing
Mode(s) of reproduction Primary-sexual (obligatory cross); secondary asexual (hypogeogenous rhizomes, stolons). Sexual Higher diversity / Lower differentiation More vulnerable
Dispersal method(s) / Ability Seed – Ornithochory, anemochory; pollen: insects Effective Higher diversity / Lower differentiation Not applicable
Time to maturity / Longevity Time to maturity 1-2 years; longevity 2-3+ years. Long-lived. Higher diversity / Lower differentiation Less vulnerable
Reproductive output 1,000-10,000 seeds per plant Prolific Not applicable Less vulnerable
Recruitment / Turnover potential No life history limiting recruitment found Effective No major effect on organisation of diversity suggested by available data Not applicable
UK distribution Very common throughout the British Isles; frequent where occurring; 10-km2 = 3,756 Not rare Higher diversity / Lower differentiation Less vulnerable
Fragmentation, scattered distribution No evidence of fragmentation No evidence of scattered distribution. Higher diversity / Lower differentiation Less vulnerable
Ecological amplitude Amplitude: grasslands-montane to lawns; waysides and wastegrounds; coastal sand dunes and stabilised shingle. Altitude 0-213 m. Limited amplitude. Lower differentiation Less vulnerable
Demography No significant change since 1962. Stable. No major effect on organisation of diversity suggested by available data Not applicable