Using A. cantabrica intron-derived data, we observedF IS values (> -0.5) when SNPs withH o > 0.5 were not removed (Table 3). However,F IS values became relatively low negative after filtering. In both cases, Group E exhibits relatively higherH E values than Group W, with the TM population having the highest H E value. The genetic diversity of the TM population remains lower than that of the non-threatened and diploid A. halleri (Table 3).