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\begin{document}

\title{Evaluation of carbon export from blue carbon ecosystems and
allochthonous sequestration using eDNA techniques}



\author[1]{Toshihiro Miyajima}%
\author[2]{Masami Hamaguchi}%
\author[2]{Masakazu HORI}%
\author[3]{Jeffrey Munar}%
\author[3]{Jesus Abad}%
\author[1]{Naoko Morimoto}%
\author[3]{Maria Lourdes San Diego-McGlone}%
\affil[1]{Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo}%
\affil[2]{Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency}%
\affil[3]{Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman}%


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  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Blue carbon ecosystems such as mangroves and seagrass meadows (coastal
marine ecosystems dominated by halophytic vascular plants) are regarded
as a global carbon dioxide (CO2) sink supported by high net community
production. A part of the excess organic carbon (OC) production by these
ecosystems is stored for a long term as persistent OC in underlying
sediments, while the rest is exported to outside the system (open ocean)
without being remineralized. In order to properly assess the role of
blue carbon ecosystems in the global carbon cycle, the fate of exported
OC must be elucidated. A part of the OC exported to the open ocean may
be decomposed and remineralized quickly while in the ocean surface and
return to the atmosphere as CO2. In such a case, the export production
cannot be regarded as a long-term carbon sink. On the other hand, the
exported OC may either be (1) stored for a long term in the offshore
sediment as detrital OC, (2) stored as refractory dissolved organic
carbon (RDOC) in seawater, or (3) settled down in the bathypelagic layer
and subsequently remineralized into CO2 there. In these cases, carbon
does not return to the atmosphere in the short term and can be included
in net CO2 sequestration. It is obvious that carbon pools corresponding
to these three processes exits in the ocean. However, it is technically
extremely difficult to clarify whether and to what extent carbon derived
from the blue carbon ecosystems is contained in these pools. The purpose
of this study is to demonstrate by using environmental DNA techniques
that OC derived from the blue carbon ecosystems can be transported to
and stored in open ocean sediments. As a case study, coastal area off
the west coast of Busuanga Island, Philippines, was set as study site,
where natural coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangroves are relatively
well preserved. DNA probes for MatK sequences (part of chloroplast DNA)
of two mangrove species (Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba) and two
seagrass species (Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii) as well as
ITS sequence (part of nuclear DNA) of R. mucronata were designed. Then,
the DNA copy numbers of respective sequences contained in extracts from
surface sediment samples were quantified by the qPCR method. In
addition, the organic and inorganic carbon concentrations and the
specific surface area of the surface sediment samples were determined,
and the origin of the sediment OC was assessed using a carbon stable
isotope mixing model. During sample collection, seismic profiling with a
sub-bottom profiler was also conducted to evaluate thickness of sediment
accumulated in the studied area. In this presentation, we summarize the
results of these surveys to evaluate the areal extent to which seagrass-
and mangrove-derived OC is transported and stored in relatively intact
state, and identify environmental conditions that influence the
accumulation in open ocean sediments of OC derived from blue carbon
ecosystems. Difficulties in conve%
\end{abstract}%



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