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\begin{document}

\title{Ubiquity of shallow mesoscale circulations in the trades and their
influence on moisture variance}



\author[1]{Geet George}%
\author[1]{Bjorn Stevens}%
\author[2]{Sandrine Bony}%
\author[2]{Raphaela Vogel}%
\author[1]{Ann Kristin Naumann}%
\affil[1]{Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany}%
\affil[2]{LMD/IPSL, Sorbonne University, CNRS, Paris, France}%


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  \date{June 17, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Understanding drivers of cloud organization is crucial for accurately
estimating clouds' feedback to a warming climate. Shallow mesoscale
circulations are thought to play an important role in cloud
organization, but they have not been observed. Here, we present
observational evidence for shallow mesoscale overturning circulations
(SMOCs) from divergence measurements made during the EUREC4A field
campaign in the north-Atlantic trades. Meteorological reanalyses
reproduce the observed low-level divergence well and confirm SMOCs to be
mesoscale features (ca. 200 km). Large mesoscale variability, five-fold
the mean, is shown to be associated with the ubiquity of SMOCs.
Furthermore, time-lag correlations suggest that SMOCs amplify mesoscale
moisture variance at cloud-base and in the sub-cloud layer. Through
their modulation of cloud-base moisture, SMOCs influence the drying
efficiency of entrainment, thus yielding moist ascending branches and
dry descending branches. The observed moisture variance differs from
expectations from large-eddy simulations, which show largest variance
near cloud top and negligible sub-cloud variance. The ubiquity of SMOCS
and their coupling to moisture and cloud fields suggest that the
strength and scale of mesoscale circulations are important in
determining how clouds couple to climate, something which is not
considered by present theories.%
\end{abstract}%



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